【導(dǎo)讀】10July1942WhenwearivedatPrinsengracht,wewentquicklyupstairsandthehidingplace.Weclosedthedorbehindusandwewerealone.Margothadefasteronherbicycleandalreadywaitingforus.Alltheroomswerefulofboxes.Theylayonthefloorandthebeds.Thelittleromwasfiledwithbedclothes.Wehadtostartclearingupatonce,ifwewishedtosleepinfortablebedsthatnight.MummyandMargotwerenotabletohelp.Theyweretiredandlaydownontheirbeds.ButDaddya

　　

【正文】 reading Engli sh m uch m ore diffi cul t. So dicti onari es were i nvented to encourage everybody to spel the sam e. In fact, an Engl ish dictionary l ike the kind you use today wasn’t made until the time of the l ate Qing Dynasty. There men did most of the important early work on di cti onari es: Samuel Johnson, N oah Webster, and Jam es Murray. These m en spent nearl y al of thei r l ives trying to col ect words for their dictionaries. For them, it wasn’t only a job。 it was a wonderful journey of discovery. The l argest dicti onary i n the world i s the O xford Engl ish Di ctionary, or OED for short. The i dea for thi s di cti onary cam e from an im portant m eeting i n Britai n i n 1857. Twentytwo years later, O xford Uni versi ty asked James Muray to be the edi tor of its new di cti onary. Murray had never been to col ege. At the age of fourteen, he l eft hi s vil lage school i n Scotl and and taught him self whil e working i n a bank. Later he becam e a great teacher. After O xford gave hi m the job, Murray had a pl ace bui l t i n the garden behi nd hi s house to do hi s work. Part of i t was one m eter underground. In wi nter i t fel t l i ke a barn, he had to wear a heavy coat and put hi s feet 10 July 1942 When we arived at Prinsengracht, we went qui ckl y upstai rs and the hi di ng pl ace. We cl osed the dor behi nd us and we were alone. Margot had e faster on her bicycl e and already waiting for us. Al l the rooms were ful of boxes. They lay on the floor and the beds. The li ttl e rom was fi l ed wi th bedcl othes. We had to start cl earing up at once, i f we wi shed to sl eep i n fortabl e beds that night. Mummy and Margot were not abl e to help. They were tired and lay down on their beds. But Daddy and I, the two “hel per” of the family, started at once. The whol e day we unpacked the boxes, fil led the cupboards and ti died, unti l we were extrem el y tired. We did sl ep in cl ean beds that night. We hadn’t had any warm fod to eat al day, but we didn’t care. Mummy and Margot were to tired and worri ed to eat, and Dady and I were too busy. FRIENDSH IP IN H AWAII Every cul ture has i ts own ways to show fri endshi p. O n the isl ands of H awai, friendship is part of the “aloha spirit”. In the language of the H awaians who first setl ed the islands l ong ago, aloha had a very special meaning. That is “to be with happiness”. Hawai ians beli eve that once somebody l oves the l and, they are ready to love their peopl e or m uni ty. Thi s i s the second most im port si gn of friendship. It i s cal ed lokahi in Hawaiian l anguage, which means “oneness with al people”. To enjoy the l and you shoul d not be selfish. The l and is for everyone who l ives on i t. Today m any di fferent peopl e cal Hawai i thei r hom e. Indeed, Hawai i s a place where peopl e make one bi g m uni ty from m any sm al er m uni ti es. Each person gi ves kokua (help) to other peopl e so that al fel stronger. It’s beli eved that the islands can be a paradi se when the peopl e li ve i n peace. People are tol d that their acti ons should be as gentle as the wi nd that bl ows from the sea. When probl ems happen, peopl e are asked to sol ve them wi th understandi ng. So when peopl e of H awai i tal k about ohana (famil y), they are real ly tal king about al l those who li ve on the islands. Living i n peace, H awai ans have devel oped a thi rd si gn of fri endshi p. Thi s personal fri endshi p is shown by giving l ei s to one another. The li e, a stri ng of flowers, is put over a friend’s neck. Then the friend is given a kis on chek. Visitors to the islands are al so given lies. When they hear al oha, visitors begin to fel at home. Al oha also means “goodbye”, so visitors wil hear it again when they leave. It can al so mean “our hearts singing together”. Perhaps this is how most visitors wil remember their new friendship. Unit 2 THE RO AD TO MO DERN ENGLISH At the end of the 16th century, about fi ve to seven mil li on peopl e spoke Engli sh. N early al of them li ved i n Engl and. Later i n the next century, people from England m ade voyages to conquer other parts of the worl d and because of that, Engl ish begin to be spoken i n m any other countri es. Today, m ore people speak Engl ish as their first, second or a forei gn l anguage than ever before. N ative Engl ish speakers can understand each other even if they don39。t speak the same kind of Engli sh. Look at thi s ki nd of exam pl e: Bri ti sh Betty: Woul d you l ike to se m y fl at? Ameri can Am y: Yes. I’d li ke to e up to your apartm ent. So why has Engl ish changed over tim e? Actual y al languages change and devel op when cul tures m et and m uni cate with each other. At fi rst the Engl ish spoken i n Engl and betwen about AD 450 and 150 was very di ferent the Engl ish spoken today. It was based m ore on Germ an than the Engl ish we speak at present. Then gradual y between about AD800 to 1150, Engl i sh became l ess li ke germ en because those who ruled Engl and spoke first Danish and later French. These new setlers enri ched the Engli sh l anguage and especi al ly i ts vocabul ary. So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was abl e to make use of a wider vocabul ary than ever before. In 1620 some British settl ers moved to American. Later i n the 18th century some British people were taken to Austral ia too. Engli sh began to be spoken i n both countries. Fi nal y by the 19th century the l anguage was settl ed. At that tim e two bi g changes i n Engli sh spel li ng happened: fi rst Sam uel Johnson wrote hi s di cti onary and later N oah Webster wrote The Am eri can Dicti onary of the Engli sh Language. The latter gave a separate i denti ty to Am eri can Engl ish spel ing. Engl ish now is also spoken as a forei gn or second l anguage i n South Asi a. For exam ple, India has a very large num ber of fluent Engl ish speakers because Britai n rul ed India from 1765 to 19