國家創(chuàng)新系統(tǒng)中的大學(xué)-資料下載頁
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【正文】 of such research and to grant licenses for these patents, including exclusive licenses, to other parties. ? The passage of the BayhDole Act was one part of a broader shift in US policy toward stronger intellectual property rights. ? the BayhDole Act assumes that restrictions on dissemination of the results of many RD projects will enhance economic efficiency by supporting their mercialization. ? In many respects, the BayhDole Act is the ultimate expression of faith in the linear model of innovationif basic research results can be purchased by wouldbe developers, mercial innovation will be accelerated. ? The Eflects of BayhDole ? Universities increased their share of patenting from less than per cent in 1963 to nearly 4 per cent by 1999. ? During the late 1990s and early twentyfirst century, many mentators and policy makers portrayed the BayhDole Act as a critical catalyst to growth in US universities39。 innovative and economic contributions. ? Indeed, the OECD went so far as to argue that the BayhDole Act was an important factor in the remarkable growth of ines, employment, and productivity in the US economy of the late 1990s. ? These assessments of the effects of the BayhDole Act also fail to consider any potentially negative effects of the Act on US university research or innovation in the broader economy. ? Some scholars have suggested that the mercialization motives created by BayhDole could shift the orientation of university research away from basic and towards applied research. ? A second potentially negative effect of increased university patenting and licensing is the potential weakening of academic researchers39。 mitments to open science, leading to publication delays, secrecy, and withholding of data and materials. ? International Emulation of the BayhDole Act ? A number of other OECD governments pursue policies that closely resemble the BayhDole Act. ? these initiatives focus narrowly on the deliverable outputs of university research, and typically ignore the effects of patenting and licensing on the other, more economically important, channels through which universities contribute to innovation and economic growth. ? such emulation is based on a misreading of the limited evidence concerning the effects of BayhDole and on misunderstanding of the factors that have encouraged the longstanding and relatively close relationship between US universities and industrial innovation. ? emulation of the BayhDole Act is insufficient and perhaps even unnecessary to stimulate higher levels of universityindustry interaction and technology transfer. 6. Conclusion ? Universities play important roles in the knowledgebased economies of modern industrial and industrializing states as sources of trained knowledge workers and ideas flowing from both basic and more applied research activities. ? But conventional economic approaches to the analysis of institutions are very difficult to apply to universities, for several reasons ? First, with the exceptions of the US and British university systems, interuniversity petition has been limited in most national systems of higher education. ? Second, analyzing universities as economic institutions requires some definition of the objectives pursued by individual universities. ? The development of useful theoretical or conceptual tools or models for analyzing universities as economic or other institutions within knowledgebased economies is seriously hampered by the lack of data on the roles of universities that enable parisons across time or across national innovation systems. ? The absence of broader longitudinal and crossnationally parable indicators of universityindustry interaction thus impedes both the formulation and the evaluation of policies. Thank you！ 演講完畢，謝謝觀看！
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