【正文】 (RATS) ? CARGO SWEATED N/R FOR LOSS OR SHORTAGE AND CONTENTS ? ALL TIMBER LOADED WET ? SHORT SHIP FIVE CASES 短裝五箱 ? THREE BALES BURST, N/R FOR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS OR SHORTAGE OF CONTENTS 3包破裂，船方對內(nèi)容的滅失或短少不負(fù)責(zé) ? TWO CARTONS OPEN FLAPS 兩紙箱蓋松開 ? FOUR LOOSE PIECES 四捆零散 ? UNSECURELY PACKED 包裝不固 ? ONE CARTON MILDEW STAINED 第二十三號箱有霉?jié)n ? MARKS INDISTINCT 標(biāo)志模糊 ? PERISHABLE CARGO AT SHIPPERS’ RISK 易腐貨物，發(fā)貨人自負(fù)風(fēng)險 ? DAMAGE BY VERMINS (RATS)有蟲或鼠咬 ? CARGO SWEATED N/R FOR LOSS OR SHORTAGE AND CONTENTS 貨物發(fā)汗，船方對貨物損失，短少和內(nèi)容不負(fù)責(zé) ? ALL TIMBER LOADED WET 全部木材水濕裝船 憑保函簽發(fā)清潔提單 ?實踐中，當(dāng)貨物包裝不良或存在缺陷時， 托運(yùn)人會出具保函，要求承運(yùn)人簽發(fā)清潔提單，以便能順利結(jié)匯，在當(dāng)今航運(yùn)實務(wù)中被普遍采用。 ?也因為這種保函能使承、托運(yùn)人之間就簽發(fā)清潔提單與否發(fā)生爭議時迅速得到“潤滑”，從而使予盾雙方擺脫僵持的困境，避免雙方一觸即發(fā)的損失。這種保函實際上對促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)和航運(yùn)事業(yè)的發(fā)展起到了一定的積極作用。 ?但長期以來，對這種保函的效力問題，不僅外國法院有不同的主張和判例，我國現(xiàn)行的海商法也無明確的規(guī)定，法學(xué)界和航運(yùn)界各執(zhí)一說，莫衷一是，至今國際間尚無統(tǒng)一的認(rèn)識 Letter of Indemnity 保函 ?a document which the writer issues to another party agreeing to protect them from liability for the performance of certain act. Case ?A shipper of orange juice in barrels prevailed說服 upon the owners of the ship to issue a clean bill of lading acknowledging the receipt of the consignment “ in apparent good order and condition” in the knowledge that the barrels 桶 were old, frail and leaking at the time of shipment. When the barrels of orange juice arrived at the port of discharge, considerable loss had been suffered and, because of the clean bill of lading, the carrier paid the claim. ?Thereafter, the carrier brought a claim against the shippers under the terms of the letter of indemnity. ?The shipper, however, sought shelter behind the law and refused to pay, submitting that the letter was issued by them in pursuance of a conspiracy between themselves and the carrier in order to misrepresent the condition of the barrels and was, therefore, unenforceable不能執(zhí)行的 ?The Court ruled that the carrier made a representation in the bill of lading which he knew to be false, therefore, the elements of deceit were present. ?In the circumstances, the Court took the view that the promise to indemnify the carrier against any loss, resulting to them from making the representation was unenforceable. ?Thus the effects of the issue of a letter of indemnity ricochet on to the carrier himself. 提單（ B/L, Bill of lading） ? Features ?Receipt of the goods ?Evidence of the contract of carriage by the shipping pany to carry the goods ?A document of title to the goods ?提單是用以證明貨物已經(jīng)由承運(yùn)人接收，以及承運(yùn)人保證據(jù)以交付貨物的單證 ?提單是貨物所有權(quán)的憑證，提單持有人可據(jù)以提取貨物或進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)讓，抵押 Ｓ tep 海上運(yùn)輸作業(yè) ?Carrier should provide seaworthy vessel and take care of cargo during sea voyage ?承運(yùn)人負(fù)有對船內(nèi)貨物保管、照料及安全抵達(dá)目的港的責(zé)任和義務(wù) ?啟航后電告到達(dá)港卸貨代理人，通報到達(dá)時間和貨物裝載信息 ?Inform carrier’ s (landing )agent about estimated arrival time and the information of discharge cargo Step 貨物的卸船、監(jiān)卸 ? The carrier’ s agent make arrangement for berth reservation, necessary lifting facilities and documents, and notify consignee for the ining cargo ?承運(yùn)人在卸貨港的代理人根據(jù)船舶的到港時間編制有關(guān)單證，約定泊位，約定裝卸公司準(zhǔn)備卸貨，同時通知收貨人準(zhǔn)備接貨 ? Cargo are unloaded under supervision to ensure proper discharge with right quantity and condition ?監(jiān)卸人是收貨人的代表，負(fù)責(zé)把進(jìn)口貨物按提單，標(biāo)記點清件數(shù)，驗看包裝，保證卸貨人員正確操作 Step 貨物的交付 ?Consignee present Bill of lading to carrier or his agent ?收貨人將提單交給承運(yùn)人或其卸貨港的代理人 ?Carrier or his agent issue delivery order and release the cargo ?承運(yùn)人或代理人審核后簽發(fā)提貨單（ D/O)，收貨人憑提貨單提取貨物 提貨單 （ D/O， Delivery Order） ?提貨單是收貨人憑正本提單向承運(yùn)人或其代理人換取的 ?是向港口裝卸部門提取貨物的憑證 演講完畢，謝謝觀看！