【正文】 loan application processing Performance measure operational Definition Data Source and Location Sample Size Who Will Collect the Data When Will Data be Collected How Will Data be Collected Other Data that should be Collected at the same time Time to process a loan application Fax date,time Decision fax date, time Loan applications Representative fax center 289 Tim Smith Dave Mann During the first weed of the month, 10/1/99 to 10/7/99 Randomly selected from September ‘99 Type of loan Amount of loan Dealer Time of day Day of week Considerations for other data that should be collected at the same time: ? How will you display the data? ? What do you want to do with the data after it is collected? ? How do you want to stratify the data? ? What data might you need to identify and verify root cause? Data collection is a balance between time money and accuracy (getting the data you need). Version Nov 2023 30 Page GB material S I G M A Step 3: Collect Data ? Follow the plan— note any deviations from the plan ? Consistency— avoid bias ? Observe data collection Discussion on Data Collection Experience Version Nov 2023 31 Page GB material S I G M A Obtaining the Measurements ? The data collected will only be as good as the collection system itself. In order to assure timely and accurate data, the collection method should be simple to use and understand. There are several most mon are: ? Checksheet –a simple log of “ tick marks” representing the volume and type of work ? Time stamps a recording of the time that each activity begins and ends. Example: Checksheet Applications Returned for Missing Data ? All data can be collected manually(writing in the log, recording the time, etc.)or automatically. Automatic data collection assures accurate and timely data, and removes the burden of collection from the operator of the process. But, it can be very expensive to set up. It usually involves puter programming and/or hardware. For most initial efforts, a paper log is the most cost effective form of data collection. Reason Missing Incorrect Social Security Number ///// // Street Address /// ///// Phone Number ///// //// Employment Information /// / Version Nov 2023 32 Page GB material S I G M A Identify Tools to Help You Collect Data ? Hint: Identify types of data you need to collect before you design the form Checksheets Simple data collection form which helps determine how often something occurs. Concentration Diagrams Pictorial checksheet which helps you mark where something occurs or the type of problem. Wasteful Energy Habits Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Total Long showers /// / // 6 Lights left on //// /// //// 11 Windows left open // / 3 AC set below 72176。 / // // 5 Door left open ///// ///// /// 13 Total 15 12 11 38 Name Address /// Telephone// Type of Loan Needed///// Ine Level///// ///// Other Loan Information///// Banking Information///// // Version Nov 2023 33 Page GB material S I G M A Process Distribution Checksheet .46 .47 .48 .49 .50 .51 .52 .53 .54 .55. .56 .57 .58 .59 .60 .61 .62 // /// ///// ///// //// ///// ///// /// /// //// ///// ///// ///// ///// ///// ///// /// // /// ///// ///// ///// ///// ///// ///// ///// ///// ///// ///// ///// /// / 2 3 5 8 10 18 14 22 15 13 10 9 5 4 3 1 Totals Version Nov 2023 34 Page GB material S I G M A OneFactor Attribute Checksheet Version Nov 2023 35 Page GB material S I G M A Sampling Using a sample of data you draw conclusions about the entire population of data. This is known as “ statistical inference.” Sampling saves costs and time. Sampling provides a good alternative to collecting all the data. Identifying a specific confidence level allows us to make reasonable business decisions. Entire population of data sample Statistical inference parameters： M， S Statixtics: X， S， etc. Sampling from a population analysis Version Nov 2023 36 Page GB material S I G M A Sampling Situations Different situations which dictate sampling techniques: ? To analyze and control a process ? To describe a large population(., types of customers and buying behavior) XXX sample Average cycle time(Xbar） No. of defects Proportion defedtive Standard deviation（ S） XXXX sample X X X X X X X Systematic Process sampling Typical Descriptive statistics: Random sampling from a population Version Nov 2023 37 Page GB material S I G M A Sampling Types Processsubgroup sampling XXX sample X X X Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Sample from a particular step in the process each day(hour, week, month) Populationstratified random sample Randomly sampling within a logical category(location,shift,product,ect) A A B B C C D D A A B B C C D D sample Version Nov 2023 38 Page GB material S I G M A Sampling Considerations ? Where ? Location in the process where process steps directly affect outputs (strong relationship) ? Maximize opportunity for problem identification(cause data) ? Frequency ? Dependent on volume of transactions and/or activity ? Unstable process—more frequently (use systematic or subgroup sampling) ? Stable process—less frequently(use sample size formula) ? Dependent on how precise the measurement must be to make a meaningful business decision ? considerations ? Is the sample representative of the process or population? ? Is the process stable? ? Is the sample random? ? Is there an equal probability of selecting any data point? ? The answer to each of these questions must be