【正文】 de conditions and international balance of payments ? Increase employment and sustain high salary ? Promote economic development of developing countries. Chap 9, Trade management theories and policies Limited import Tariff Nontariff Barriers Quantity limitations Price limitations Purchase control Financial control TBT Improve export E x p o r t c r e d i t National Guarantee of export credit Export subsidy Dumping Tariff Basic Ideas（ ~116） ERP ERP＝ V ’ － V V V ’ ＝（ Final price of exports +Duty)– price of Imported material V＝ price of foreign end products—foreign material price Under a certain nominal tariff rate, the lower the nominal tariff rate attached to raw material and medium goods, the more the protection level to the end products Economic effects of tariff Solve problems of the influences on import price, and welfare of import producer, consumer and government. Equilibrium of small nation PY QY O S D P w P t F A G a b c d Price in international market Price of imports after tax ① price increase Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Import before tax ② imports decrease after tax e B C H ③ loss of consumer is a+b+c+d ④ producer surplus is increased a ⑤ government tariff ine is c Loss： a+b+c+d（ Consumer） Benefit： a（ producer） +c（ government） ⑥ befefit ：－（ b+d） equilibrium analysis of large countries PY QY O S D Pw Pt PW1 Pt1 Q1 Q3 Q4 Q4 a b c d f t PW1： Imports of large countries decreases, international market price falls Pt1： Domestic decreases after tax Influence of tariff to some American products ( in Million dollars) R u b b e r shoes Women shoes t i l e c a s e s Leather g l o v e s China Pottery b a g s Artificial j e w l r y Bicycle Product Tariff（ %） Consumer Cost Tariff Ine Producer Ine Net cost Non trade barreiers 數(shù)量限制 Import Quota Absolute Quota Tariff Quota Global Quota Regional Quota Importer Quota Import license Voluntary export restraint Economic effects of import quota O P Q D S PW PQ Q1 Q3 Q4 Q2 a b c d Situation of Import Quota The voluntary export limitation of Chinese products VER Chinese products that carry with quota 中國(guó)目前實(shí)施 配額管理 的產(chǎn)品 Policies aiming at improving export E x p o r t S u bs i d y 出口補(bǔ)貼 D i r e c t Subsidy I ndi r ect subsidy 世界各國(guó)的出口補(bǔ)貼 出口退稅 口退稅辦法 Dumping Economic Effects P,C Q Q O DF MRF MC MC DD MRD PF PD price discrimination 壟斷企業(yè) Foreign markets Domestic market Foreign markets has more demand elasticity than domestic market Domestic price is higher than price in foreign markets China and Antidumping Chinesemade television sets Issues of China’s role as market economy Latest cases China’s implement of antidumping Revolution of China’s foreign trade 《 十一五規(guī)劃綱要 》 Chap 10, Economic Integration, theory and practice Forms of economic integration Preferential Tariff Area Free Trade Area Customs union Common Markets Economic Union Perfectly economic integration ：？ Definition of WTO Theory of customs union T r a d e c r e a t i o n Once the zollverein is set up, as tariff is cancelled, trade which was formerly banned by tariff will generate O Q P D S S1 E F P0 P1 G Q0 Q1 Q2 After the cancellation of tariff, foreign products are imported, domestic supply increase to S1 Consumer surplus increases P0EFP1 Producers surplus loses P0EGP1 Net trade off increase EFG Imports Trade diversion Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 O Q P D S PC PB PC+T a b c d h PA After integration, trade with nonmembers will be transferred to member countries. Q1Q2： Imports before integration Q3Q4： Imports of B Consumer surplus after integration increases h+c+a+d Producer surplus decreases h Tariff loss a+b Net benefit ：（ c＋ d）－ b Economic Integration in Europe Economic Integration in Europe and ChinaEuro Economic Relationship Economic Integration in Europe ChinaEuro Economic Relationship China’s participation into International Regional Economic Integration 上海合作組織 CEPA APEC Construction of ChinaASEAN Free Trade Area ASEAN CAFTA Yunnan and CAFTA 云南天然是中心 Free Trade Area between China and other countries China and Chile： 2022年 12月舉行第一輪談判。 05年 9月稱取得重大突破。 11月 18日簽署 FTA協(xié)定，從 2022年 7月 1日開(kāi)始，全面啟動(dòng)貨物貿(mào)易的關(guān)稅減讓進(jìn)程。其中，占兩國(guó)稅目總數(shù) 97%的產(chǎn)品將于 10年內(nèi)分階段降為零關(guān)稅。 China and Gulf countries ：沙特阿拉伯、阿聯(lián)酋、科威特、阿曼、塔卡爾和巴林。 05年 4月第一輪談判 。計(jì)劃在 06年簽署 FTA China and Pakistan ： 05年 2月同意盡快在特惠貿(mào)易協(xié)議下確定零關(guān)稅產(chǎn)品。 4月，兩國(guó)同意自 2022年 1月 1日起開(kāi)始降低雙方貿(mào)易產(chǎn)品關(guān)稅，并在 2022年 1月 1日前消除 2246種貿(mào)易產(chǎn)品關(guān)稅。 8月，宣布有望一年內(nèi)結(jié)束 FTA談判 04年 6月，同意啟動(dòng)中國(guó)與南部非洲關(guān)稅同盟（ SACU，南非、納米比亞、博茨瓦納、萊索托、斯威士蘭） FTA談判。 China and Korea： 05年 3月就“啟動(dòng)中韓 FTA可行性和政策提案民間共同研究”達(dá)成協(xié)議 China and India： 05年 4月啟動(dòng)中印區(qū)域貿(mào)易安排可行性研究 China and Iceland： 05年 5月同意就兩國(guó)間簽署自由貿(mào)易協(xié)議進(jìn)行可行性研究。 China and Australia ： 05年 5月正式啟動(dòng)談判。 11月，第三輪結(jié)束，完成第一階段 China and New Zealand ： 04年 12月啟動(dòng)談判， 05年 7月第四輪。 12月 1日稱第五輪取得進(jìn)展。溫家寶 06年 4月 10日在新西蘭訪問(wèn)期間表示，中國(guó)和新西蘭自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定（ FTA）將在兩年內(nèi)達(dá)成，這將是中國(guó)與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家簽訂的第一個(gè)自貿(mào)協(xié)定。 Chap. 12, WTO Introduction （ ~194） “ Doha Round‖ C h i n a a n d W T O