【正文】 ays: by italics and by raised letters.2. Sounds shown in italics are sounds which the foreign learner is remended to include (although native speakers sometimes omit them). They denote sounds which may optionally be elided (omitted).lunch ?l?nt? Some say l?nt?, others say l?n?. LPD remends ?l?nt?.bacon ?be?k ?n Some say ?be?k ?n, others say ?be?k n. LPD remends ?be?k ?n.3. Sounds shown with raised letters are sounds which the foreign learner is remended to ignore (although native speakers sometimes include them). They denote sounds which may optionally be inserted.fence fents Some say fens, others say fents. LPD remends fens.sadden ?s230。d ?n Some say ?s230。d n, others say ?s230。d ?n. LPD remends ?s230。d n.Sounds shown in italics: elisionElision is the omission (= deletion) of a sound that would otherwise be present. It is particularly characteristic of rapid or casual speech.17EXERCISE 23AIM: To identify the full and elided pronunciation of words when you hear them. a. The words below all have a sound which can be elided (omitted, deleted). Listen to the cassette: each word is spoken twice, first in full, and then with elision. in full with elision1. French frent? fren?2. plunge pl?nd? pl?n?3. stamped st230。mpt st230。mt4. tangerine ?t230。nd? ? ?ri?m ?t230。n? ? ?ri?m5. tasteful ?te?st f?l ?te?s f?l6. kindness ?ka?nd n?s ?ka?n n?s7. awaken ? 39。we?k ?n ? 39。we?k n b. Listen to the words on the cassette. For each word circle the appropriate transcription in a. above.A sound which can be elided is shown in the dictionary in italics:French, f~ frent?plunge pl?nd?stamped st230。mpttangerine, T~ ?t230。nd? ? ?ri?mtasteful ?te?st f?lkindness ?ka?nd n?sawaken ? 39。we?k ?nEXERCISE 24AIM: To understand the marking of elision in the dictionary.The dictionary entries below show that elision may take place in these words. Look at the transcriptions next to the entries. For each one, mark whether the word is given in full (F) or with elision (E). The first one is done for you.1. launch l??nt? l??nt? F2. arrange ? ?re?nd? ? ?re?n?3. pumped p?mpt p?mt4. minx m??ks m??ks5. token ?t??k ?n ‖ ?t??k ?n6. cold|ly ?k??ld|li ?k??ld ‖?ko?ld ~ness n?s n?s ?k??ld n?sEXERCISES 2526AIM: To understand the conditions in which elision of consonants takes place, and so to predict when elision may take place. To say and transcribe full and elided forms.Elision of consonantsWithin a syllable:t may be elided in nt? . lunch l?nt?, l?n?d may be elided in nd? . strange stre?nd?, stre?n?p may be elided in mps, mpt . jumped d??mpt, d??mtt may be elided in nts . contents ?k?n tents, ?k?n tensk may be elided in ?ks, ?kt . lynx l??ks, l??s18At the end of a syllable, t and d may be elided before a consonant in the next syllable:t may be elided in ft, st . firstly 39。f??st li, 39。f??s liand less monly in pt, kt, t?t, θt, ?td may be elided in Id, nd . baldness 39。b??ld n?s, 39。b??l n?sand less monly in bd, gd, d?d, vd, 240。d, zd, md, ?dEXERCISE 25 Say and transcribe the following words in their full form, and jF39。lj with elision. You can check the pronunciation on the cassette, and the transcription in the key.in full with elision1. pinch2. bandstand3. camped4. wistful5. softness6. textbookEXERCISE 26 Four of the following words can exhibit elision. Circle those words.softly softer customer lounge firstly judged lateness wastefulThere is further discussion of elision in the note ELISION in LPD.Sounds shown by raised letters: insertion Insertion of consonantsSome words have an alternative pronunciation in which a consonant is inserted. The inserted sound is shown by a small, raised letter. Main pron with insertionprince, P~ pr?nts pr?ns pr?nts (= prints)triumph n, v, T~ 39。tra? ?mpf 39。tra? ?mf 39。tra? ?mpfThese consonants are only inserted after a nasal sound, when the vocal ans are not precisely synchronised in their movement from the position for the nasal to the position for the following oral sound.EXERCISE 27AIM: TO IDENTIFY WHETHER A SOUND HAS BEEN INSERTED, WHEN YOU HEAR A WORD.The dictionary entries below show that the words are sometimes pronounced with an inserted sound. Listen to the words on the cassette, and transcribe the pronunciations you hear.1. fence fents .....fents....2. sentence ?sent ?nts .....?sent ?ns....3. distanc|e 39。d?st ?nts ................4. mince m?nts ................5. triumph n, v, T~ 39。tra? ?mpf ................6. acquaintanc|e ? 39。kwe?nt ?nts ................7. f|ort, C~ 39。k?mpf| ?t ................8. emph|asis 39。empf|?s ?s ................9. assistance ? 39。s?st ?nts ................ s?b39。st230。nt??l ................Insertion of ?19This is an alternative to a syllabic consonant, and is dealt with in the section on syllabic consonants on pages 2630.EXERCISE 28AIM: To apply knowledge of optional sounds in studying a conversation.The conversation below is recorded on the cassette. You can use it as you choose. Three different approaches are suggested. Suggestion 1. Before you listen, read the conversation and underline the words in which elision or insertion are possible. Use Key A to check what you have marked. Then listen to the conversation on the cassette to see how the speakers pronounce these words。 circle those which have undergone elision or insertion. Use Key B to check. Suggestion 2. Listen to the conversation, with the book closed, and transcribe it. You can use Key B to check your transcription. Suggestion 3. When you have listened to the conversation, (and followed suggestion 1 or 2). practise saying the conversation. Record yourself, and pare your version with the one on the cassette. A: I39。ve just had my lounge decorated. It hadn39。t been done since I moved in.B: What colour is it? A: It39。s called French Blush.B: Very tasteful, I39。m sure, but it doesn39。t convey anything. A