【正文】 ERCISE 1Diagnostic exercise in reading straightforward phonemic transcriptions quickly and accurately.Time yourself as you do this exercise.For each of the words aj below, find the correct phonemic transcription in the list on the right. Write its number next to the word. The first one is done for you.a. await .5. 1. kr? ?e?t ?2. jetb. billow .... 3. ?? r?n?4. ???zstarting time:................c. chose .... 5. ? ?we?t6. ?etfinishing time:................d. creature .... 7. b? ?l??8. ?s??? ?ntime taken:................e. drudge .... 9. ? ?re?n?10. hɑ?tf. hurt .... 11. dr?g12. ?b?l ??g. jet .... 13. rekt14. ?230。 breathe breath5. ??v??d avoid evade6. θ?? thin thing7. ?p??z ?z possess poses8. va?n vein vine9. ?lu?v ? louvre lover10. ?fi?l ??z fillings feelings You can check your answers in the key and on the cassette.EXERCISE 4 Look back at the pairs of words given in exercise 3. For each pair, transcribe the one not transcribed on the left.EXERCISE 5 Read the transcriptions below, and then listen to the eight words on the cassette. For each word, write the letter of the correct transcription beside the corresponding number. The first one is done for you.a. ?le240。?Main pron Alternative pronlu?d lju?dMain pron AmE pronmɑ?k mɑ?rkMain pron Regional pron AmE pronbɑ?θ b230。p, sa??lThere are two possible first syllables, and two possible second syllables. These can bine to make four pronunciations.?230。ju?s l?s li or ju?z l?s li?4. TRUE OR FALSE? ‘The words studied and studded are sometimes pronounced the same.’5. How is the plural of agency pronounced ?e?? ?ns iz or ?e?? ?ns ?z?EXERCISES 2122AIM: To apply your understanding of layout of entries, alternative pronunciations, inflections and derived forms.EXERCISE 21 Look up in the dictionary the words listed below, and plete the table. The first two are done for you.Main Alternative Regional AmE AmE alternative1. Asia2. nothing3. Aberdaron4. ballroom5. behave6. economics7. managing8. target?e?? ??n?θ ???e?? ??nɑθ ???e?? ? ?e?? ?EXERCISE 22 Look up in the dictionary the words listed below, and plete the table. The first two are done for you.Main Alternative Regional ‘Incorrect’ AmE AmE alternative1. topmast2. arthritis3. Buckingham4. dansing5. mistake6. Saturday7. tariff8. trauma?t?p mɑ?stɑ? ?θra?t ?s?t?p m?st ?t?p m230。f??st li, 39。nt??l ................Insertion of ?19This is an alternative to a syllabic consonant, and is dealt with in the section on syllabic consonants on pages 2630.EXERCISE 28AIM: To apply knowledge of optional sounds in studying a conversation.The conversation below is recorded on the cassette. You can use it as you choose. Three different approaches are suggested. Suggestion 1. Before you listen, read the conversation and underline the words in which elision or insertion are possible. Use Key A to check what you have marked. Then listen to the conversation on the cassette to see how the speakers pronounce these words。k?mpf| ?t ................8. emph|asis 39。we?k n b. Listen to the words on the cassette. For each word circle the appropriate transcription in a. above.A sound which can be elided is shown in the dictionary in italics:French, f~ frent?plunge pl?nd?stamped st230。n ?de?t ?r i used in America?4. TRUE OR FALSE? ‘Nobody uses /s/ in the middle of appreciate.’5. TRUE OR FALSE? ‘a(chǎn)cotyledon is sometimes pronounced with three ?‘s.’4 Inflected and derived wordsThe dictionary shows how inflected and derived words are pronounced. Onesyllable words are shown in full. For others, both the spelling and pronunciation are shown as endings following a headword.reason, R~ ?ri?z?n ~ed d ~ing/s ???/z ~s zreasonab|le ?ri?z?n??b|?l ~ly li ~ness n?s n?sreassess ?ri????ses ~ed t ~es ?z ?z ~ing ?? ~ment/s m?nt/sreassign ?ri????sa?n ~ed d ~ing ?? ~s zreas|sure ?ri??? |???? ????。 the final syllable is given (with an alternative), and the first two syllables, which are the same as the main English pronunciation, are replaced by a hyphen.EXERCISE 14The following words all have one or more alternative pronunciations of the last syllable. (The number in brackets shows the number of alternatives.)a. Can you think what the alternatives are? Write what you think.b. Look the words up in the dictionary, and note the alternatives shown. Correct what you wrote, if necessary.1. garage ?g230。d230。 this, other, smooth ? o? goat, show, no? ? s soon, cease, sister ? ?? variant in cold? ? z zero, zone, roses, buzz ? ? a? mouth, now? ? ? ship, sure, station ? ?? near, here, serious? ? ? pleasure, vision ? e? square, fair, various? ? h hot, whole, behind ? ? ɑ? start, father? ? m more, hammer, sum ? ɑ? lot, odd? ? n nice, know, funny, sun ? ?? thought, law? ? ? ring, long, thanks, sung ? ?? thought, law? ? l light, valley, feel ? ? ?? north, war? ? r right, sorry, arrange ? o? variant in force, four? ? j yet, use, beauty ? ?? cure, poor, jury? ? w wet, one, when, queen ? ?? nurse, stirIn foreign words only: ? ?? nurse, stir, courage? ? x loch, chutzpah ? ? i happy, radiation, glorious? ? Llanelli, Hluhluwe ? ? ? about, ma, mon? ? u influence, situation, annual? ? ? intend, basic? ? stimulus, educateIn foreign words only:? ?? grand prix, chanson? ? ɑ?? grand prix, chanson? ??? chanson? ? 230。 ? e. ?k230。θ b230。b se??l ?230。stɑ? ?θra?t ?s ɑ?θ ??ra?t ?s?tɑ?p m230。f??s liand less monly in pt, kt, t?t, θt, ?td may be elided in Id, nd . baldness 39。 circle those which have undergone elision or insertion. Use Key B to check. Suggestion 2. Listen to the conversation, with the book closed, and transcribe it. You can use Key B to check your transcription. Suggestion 3. When you have listened to the conversation, (and followed suggestion 1 or 2). practise saying the conversatio