【正文】 Companies throughout the world.169。 you can get further practice by transcribing any of the dialogues and texts in the book and cassette, and these are transcribed in the key at the back of the book.? Look up crossreferences to the introduction or notes in the dictionary, if you want to take a point further.5RP Gen Consonants RP Gen VowelsAm Am? ? p pen, copy, happen ? ? ? kit, bid, hymn? ? b back, bubble, job ? ? e dress, bed? ? t tea, tight, button ? ? 230。v ?dh. orange .... 15. ???z16. ?sɑ?? ?nti. sergeant .... 17. ?kri?? ?18. dr??j. wrecked .... 19. ?re? ?d20. h??t Check your answers to exercise 1 with the key at the back of the book.7EXERCISES 28AIM: To practise recognising and producing straightforward phonemic transcriptions.EXERCISE 2 Look back at the transcriptions in exercise 1. Write the words represented by the ten transcriptions which did not match aj.EXERCISE 3Which word does each of the transcriptions below represent? Circle the correct word. Work as quickly as you can. The first one is done for you.A B1. a?s eyes ice2. ?230。? ? i. li?d ? m. ?k?? k??db. ?w?? ?? f. lu?s j. e?? n. ??la?vc. k230。? dot, Dot d?t ‖ dɑ?tIf there are widely used alternatives, either in British or American English, these are given. Some alternatives are characteristic of British regional accents, and are marked ?.data 39。t ? ‖ 39。dɑ?t ?bath v bɑ?θ ?b230。θMain pron AmE pron Alternative AmE pronme? me??r me?rMain pron Regional pron AmE pron Alternative AmE pronnju? nu? nu? nju?11EXERCISE 11AIM: To identify which pronunciation of a word is used, when you hear it. Listen to the speakers on the cassette. Notice their pronunciation of the words studied on pages 78. Transcribe the words as they pronounce them, and identify which of the variant pronunciations they use. You might like to say whether you think each speaker is English or American. The first one is done for you. Transcription Which pron? English or American?Speaker 1:markpastmayorSpeaker 2:tourpartpoorSpeaker 3:rarenewsuitballetSpeaker 4:Tubelastfourmɑ?kp230。 ? f?l, ? ‖ ?bju?t1 2 3 4 5 6 7 121. The main pronunciation, the one remended to foreign learners, is ?bju?t ?f l2. Alternative pronunciation: ?bju?t ?f ?lThe other alternatives all have the same first syllable as the main pronunciation, so this syllable is not repeated。k?sept (2) .................2. behave b??he?v (2) .................3. desolation ?des ??le? ?n (1) .................4. economic ?i?k ??n?m ?k (1) .................5. exult ?g?z?lt (5) .................Alternatives at the end of a wordThis means that there is an alternative pronunciation. The first syllable, which is the same, is not repeated。n ?? ? .................5. makebelieve ?me?k b?°li?v .................Combinations of alternativesIn some words, more than one syllable has an alternative pronunciation, and these are independent of one another. The alternative syllables marked in the dictionary therefore represent several binations.abseil ?230。b se??l ?230。p sa??l14EXERCISE 16 Below are a number of dictionary entries. For each entry, one of the alternative pronunciations shown is recorded on the cassette. For each one:a. Transcribe the pronunciation you hear.b. Circle the parts of the dictionary entry which show that pronunciation.The first one is done for you.1. decision d??s???n d?, ?di?, ?z??, z?? ...d??zi?n.....2. opposite ??p ?z ?t ?s, ??t‖ɑ?p .................3. substantial s?b?st230。n ?? ?b ?lNotice that the square block (?) always stands for one syllable, whereas the hyphen () replacing part of a word may stand for one or more than one syllable.This square block preceded by a tertiary stress mark stands tor the syllable which carries tertiary stress in the main pronunciation. The alternative pronunciation is thus clearly shown as referring to the syllable following the tertiary stress. The alternative pronunciation of the word is thus:??n°ser ? ?m??n i??sThis alternative is shown as being in the syllable after the initial stressed syllable. Thus:?230。ka?nd li n?s or 39。stɑ?r ?θra?t? ?s5 Optional sounds 1. Optional sounds are sounds which are pronounced by some speakers or an some occasions, but are omitted by other speakers or on other occasions. In LPD ihcy arc indicated in two ways: by italics and by raised letters.2. Sounds shown in italics are sounds which the foreign learner is remended to include (although native speakers sometimes omit them). They denote sounds which may optionally be elided (omitted).lunch ?l?nt? Some say l?nt?, others say l?n?. LPD remends ?l?nt?.bacon ?be?k ?n Some say ?be?k ?n, others say ?be?k n. LPD remends ?be?k ?n.3. Sounds shown with raised letters are sounds which the foreign learner is remended to ignore (although native speakers sometimes include them). They denote sounds which may optionally be inserted.fence fents Some say fens, others say fents. LPD remends fens.sadden ?s230。d n.Sounds shown in italics: elisionElision is the omission (= deletion) of a sound that would otherwise be present. It is particularly characteristic of rapid or casual speech.17EXERCISE 23AIM: To identify the full and elided pronunciation of words when you hear them. a. The words below all have a sound which can be elided (omitted, deleted). Listen to the cassette: each word is spoken twice, first in full, and then with elision. in full with elision1. French frent? fren?2. plunge pl?nd? pl?n?3. stamped st230。n? ? ?ri?m5. tasteful ?te?st f?l ?te?s f?l6. kindness ?ka?nd n?s ?ka?n n?s7. awaken ? 39。nd? ? ?ri?mtasteful ?te?st f?lkindness ?ka?nd n?sawaken ? 39。b??ld n?s, 39。tra? ?mpf 39。tra? ?mpf ................6. acquaintanc|e ? 39。s?st ?nts ................ s?b39。ve just had my lounge decorated. It hadn39。t convey anything. A