【正文】 器設(shè)計(jì)最優(yōu)當(dāng)加工鋁時(shí)，我們主要關(guān)心的是：鋁粘住加工切削邊緣的傾向；保證有好的碎片排屑形成切削邊緣；和保證工具有足夠的中心強(qiáng)度來(lái)承受切削力而不被破壞。技術(shù)發(fā)展，比如：Makino MAG系列，已經(jīng)使工具商重新考慮任何工藝水平的機(jī)器技術(shù)。用正確的加工和編程思路是很重要的。材料，涂料和幾何形狀是與減小我們所關(guān)注問(wèn)題相關(guān)系的工具設(shè)計(jì)的三個(gè)因素。如果這些因素不能一起很好的配合，成功的調(diào)整磨削是不可能的。為了成功進(jìn)行高速鋁加工，理解這三個(gè)因素是很必要的。使組合邊緣最小化當(dāng)加工鋁時(shí)，一個(gè)失敗的切削工具模式是，被加工的材料粘住工具切削邊緣。這種情況會(huì)很快削弱工具的切削能力。由粘著的鋁形成的組合邊緣會(huì)導(dǎo)致工具變鈍，以至不能切削材料。工具材料選擇和工具涂料選擇是被工具設(shè)計(jì)者用來(lái)減小組合邊緣出現(xiàn)的主要工藝。亞微米微粒碳化物材料要求很高的鈷濃度來(lái)獲得良好的微粒結(jié)構(gòu)和材料強(qiáng)度屬性。隨著溫度的升高，鈷與鋁發(fā)生反應(yīng)，鈷使鋁與暴露的工具材料碳化物相粘合。一旦鋁開(kāi)始粘住工具，鋁會(huì)在快速的在工具上形成組合邊緣，使工具不可用。在切削的進(jìn)程中，減小鋁粘合著的工具的暴露碳化物的秘訣就是找到正確的碳化物的平衡來(lái)提供足夠的材料強(qiáng)度。在加工鋁時(shí)，為了減小粘附，使用能提供足夠硬度的紋理粗糙的碳化物來(lái)獲得平衡，來(lái)使變鈍變慢。工具涂料當(dāng)嘗試減小組合邊緣時(shí)，第二個(gè)應(yīng)該考慮的工具設(shè)計(jì)因素是工具涂料。工具涂料的選擇包括：TiN, TiAIN, AITiN，鉻氮化物，鋯氮化物，鉆石和鉆石般的涂料（DLC）。擁有這么多的選擇，航空航天磨削商店需要知道在鋁的高速加工應(yīng)用中哪一種工作最有效。TiN, TiCN, TiAIN, 和 AITiN工具的PVD涂裝應(yīng)用進(jìn)程使這些選項(xiàng)不合適鋁的應(yīng)用。PVD涂裝進(jìn)程建立了兩個(gè)使鋁粘住工具的模式表面的粗糙程度和鋁與工具涂料之間的化學(xué)反應(yīng)。PVD進(jìn)程形成了一個(gè)表面，這表面是比底層材料更粗糙的。由這個(gè)進(jìn)程形成的表面“凹凸”使工具中的鋁在凹處快速集結(jié)。由于涂料有金屬晶體和鐵晶體特征，PVD涂料是可以和鋁發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的。一種TiAIN涂料通常是包含鋁的，這鋁很容易和相同材料的切削表面粘合。表面粗糙度和化學(xué)反應(yīng)特性將會(huì)導(dǎo)致工具和工作片體粘在一起，以致形成組合表面。OSG Tap and Die主導(dǎo)的試驗(yàn)中，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)在高速加工鋁時(shí)，一個(gè)沒(méi)有涂染過(guò)紋理粗糙的碳化物的工具的表面優(yōu)于用TiN, Ti, TiAIN, 或者ALTiN涂染過(guò)的工具。這個(gè)試驗(yàn)不意味著所有工具涂料將減小工具的表現(xiàn)。鉆石和DLC涂料可生成一個(gè)非常光滑的化學(xué)惰性的表面。在切削鋁材料時(shí)，這些涂料很認(rèn)為是能非常有效的提高工具的壽命。鉆石涂料被認(rèn)為是表現(xiàn)最佳的涂料，但這種涂料要一個(gè)很可觀的成本。對(duì)于表現(xiàn)價(jià)值，DLC涂料提供最佳成本，增加大約20%25%的總工具成本，而壽命相對(duì)于未涂染過(guò)紋理粗糙的碳化物的工具來(lái)是，是增長(zhǎng)得很明顯的。 幾何形狀高速鋁加工工具設(shè)計(jì)的拇指定律就是使微粒排屑空間最大化。這是因?yàn)殇X是一種非常柔軟的材料。Federate通常是可以增長(zhǎng)的，它生成更多更大的微粒。Makino MAGSeries航空航天磨削機(jī)器，比如MAG4,要求額外關(guān)注工具幾何休和工具強(qiáng)度。擁有強(qiáng)大的80hp的心軸的 MAGSeries機(jī)器將折斷工具如果他們不是用足夠的中心強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)的。總的來(lái)說(shuō)，鋒利的切削邊緣一直都可以用來(lái)避免鋁的延伸。一個(gè)鋒利的切削邊緣將形成高剪切和高表面清潔，形成一個(gè)更好的表面和使表面振動(dòng)最小化。結(jié)果是用優(yōu)良的紋理碳化物材料比紋理粗糙的碳化物材料更有可能獲得一個(gè)鋒利的切削邊緣。但由于鋁能粘住紋理好的材料，長(zhǎng)久保持這各邊緣是不太可能的。粗略的折衷方案紋理粗糙的材料是最好的折衷。那是一種很強(qiáng)大的材料，它能擁有一個(gè)可觀的切削邊緣。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明；在獲得長(zhǎng)的工具壽命的同時(shí)擁有好的表面的可以的。通過(guò)工具來(lái)進(jìn)行油霧冷卻是可以改進(jìn)切削邊緣的保持的。霧化逐漸使工具冷卻，消除溫度急增的問(wèn)題。螺旋角度是一個(gè)額外的工具幾何考慮因素。傳統(tǒng)上來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)加工鋁時(shí)，帶有高螺旋角度的工具已經(jīng)被運(yùn)用。高螺旋角度可以使微粒更快地從部分脫離，但卻增加力和熱，這是由切削運(yùn)動(dòng)導(dǎo)致的。一個(gè)高螺旋角被用在工具上，并且很大數(shù)量的凹槽可以使微粒排泄。當(dāng)以非常高的速度加工鋁時(shí)，由增加的力形成的熱量可能會(huì)引起微粒與工具焊接在一起。此外，一個(gè)有很高螺旋角的切削表面將比低角度的更快產(chǎn)生微粒。僅僅利用兩個(gè)凹槽工具設(shè)計(jì)使低螺旋角和足夠微粒排泄區(qū)域成為可能。由OSG主導(dǎo)的延伸性試驗(yàn)中，當(dāng)發(fā)展新工具流水線(xiàn)時(shí)，這被證明是最成功的方法。外文原文Mechanical DesignAbstract:A machine is a bination of mechanisms and other ponents which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term mechanical design is used in a broader sense than machine design to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previouslydone by men, such as putation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partlyIn the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the parison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several ponents bee apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a petitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several ponents. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction。 of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy。 of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection。 of physical behavior of materials。 and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large pany, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems. Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most mon problems for five (a) don39。t understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty longterm performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some pletely inpetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questi