【正文】 rds, spoken or written. That marked book is usually the thoughtthrough book. Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had, or the thoughts the author expressed. Let me develop these three points.8. If reading is to acplish anything more than passing time, it must be active. You can39。t let your eyes glide across the lines of a book and e up with an understanding of what you have read. Now an ordinary piece of light fiction, like, say, Gone with the Wind, doesn39。t require the most active kind of reading. The books you read for pleasure can be read in a state of relaxation, and nothing is lost. But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that raises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading of which you are capable. If when you39。ve finished reading a book,the pages are filled with your notes,you know that you have read actively.9. But,you may ask,why is writing necessary? Well,the physical act of writing,with your own hand,brings words and sentences more sharply before your mind and preserves them better in your set down your reaction to important words and sentences you have read, and the questions they have raised in your mind,is to preserve those reactions and sharpen those questions.10. Even if you wrote on a scratch pad,and threw the paper away when you had finished writing,your grasp of the book would be you don39。t have to throw the paper away .The margins (top and bottom,as well as side), the end papers,the very space between the lines,are all available. They aren39。t ,best of all,your marks and notes bee an integral part of the book and stay there forever. You can pick up the book the following week or year,and there are all your points of agreement,disagreement, doubt,and inquiry. It39。s like resuming an interrupted conversation with the advantage of being able to pick up where you left off.11. And that is exactly what reading a book should be: a conversation between you and the author. Presumably he knows more about the subject than you do。naturaly,you39。ll have the proper humility as you approach him. But don39。t let anybody tell you that a reader is supposed to be solely on the receiving end. Understanding is a twoway operation。learning doesn39。t consist in being an empty receptacle. The learner had to question himself and question the even has to argue with the teacher,once he understands what the teacher is marking a book is literally an expression of your differences or agreements of opinion,with the author.Unit 5TEXT I （P 81）Network Designer — Time BernersLee Joshua Quittner1. Want to see how much the world has changed in the past decade? Log on the Internet, launch a search engine and type in the word enquire(British spelling, please). You39。ll get about 30,000 turns out you can “enquire” about nearly anything online these days, from used Harley Davidsons for sale in Sydney, Australia (“Enquire about touring bikes. Click here!”), to putertrainingby courses in India (“Where excellence is not an act but a habit”). Click once to go to a site in Nairobi and enquire about booking shuttle reservations there. Click again, and zip off to Singapore, to a pany that specializes in “ pet moving.” Enquire about buying industrialage buts and bolts from “the Bolt Boys” in South Africa, or teddy bears in upstate New York. Exotic cigar labels! Fourposter beds for dogs!2. So what, you say? Everybody knows that with a mouse, a modem and access to the Internet, these days you can pointandclick anywhere on the planet, unencumbered by time or space or longdistance phone tariffs.3. Ah, but scroll down the list far enough, hundreds of entries deep, and you’ll find this hidden Rosebud of cyberspace: “Enquire Within Upon Everything”—a nifty little puter program written nearly 20 years ago by a lowly software consultant named Tim BernersLee. Who knew then that from this modest hack would flow the civilizationaltering, millionairespawning, information suckhole known as the World Wide Web?4. Unlike so many of the inventions that have moved the world, this one truly was the work of one man. Thomas Edison got credit for the light bulb, but he had dozens of people in his lab working on it. William Shockley may have fathered the transistor, but two of his research scientists actually built it. And if there ever was a thing that was made by mittee, the Internet—with its protocols and packet switching—is it. But the World Wide Web is BernersLee’s alone. He designed it. He loosed it on the world. And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free.5. It stared, of all places, in the Swiss Alps. The year was 1980. BernersLee, doing a sixmonth stint as a software engineer at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, in Geneva, was noodling around with a way to organize his farflung notes. He had always been interested in programs that dealt with information in a “brainlike way” but that could improve upon that occasionally memoryconstrained organ. So he devised a piece of software that could, as he put it, keep “track of all the random associations one es across in real life and brains are supposed to be so good at remembering but sometimes mine wouldn’t.” He called it Enquire, short for Enquire Within Upon Everything, a Victorianera encyclopedia he remembered from childhood.6. Building on ideas that were current in software design at the time, BernersLee fashioned a kind of “hypertext” notebook. Words in a document could be “l(fā)inked” to other files on BernersLee’s puter。 he could follow a link by number ( there was no mouse to click back then) and automatically pull up its related document. It worked splendidly in its solipsistic, OnlyOnMyComputer way.7. But what if he wanted to add stuff that resided in someone else’s puter? First he would need that person’s permission, and then he would have to do the dreary work of adding the new material to a central d