【正文】 。ve been looking at crimes like robbery and murder, both from historical view of point and also in contemporary society. And we39。ve seen the preoccupation of western societies with crime and with lawlessness is a pile of long and continuous tradition rather than something which is null and unique to modern society.But over the past 70 years or so, there39。s been a massive increase in one type of crime which was what39。s known as corporate crime. Corporate crime is crime which as the name suggests, is connected with panies, with business organizations. It includes illegal acts leader, individuals or a group within a pany. But what is important is that these actors normally in accordance with the goals of the pany. They39。re for the good of the pany rather than the individual. It39。s been defined as, quote, crime which is mitted for the corporate organization, the pany, not against it, unquote. So crimes like theft by employees, things like... err... embezzlement or fraud against one39。s actual employer are excluded, according to this definition. The employees maybe involve but they39。re acting in the first place for the pany. They may not even realize that they mit a crime, or they may realize but they feel it39。s excusable because it39。s policy, or because otherwise they may lose their jobs. So here we39。re really talking about the links between power and crime.Now this is one area that much less generally known about the conventional or traditional crime. It39。s been relatively ignored by the mass media. For example, it tends to be underreported in parison with conventional crime in news broadcasts and in crime series of films and so on. They very rarely deal with corporate crime. And it also tends to be ignored in academic circles, as being far more research on conventional crime and far more data is available.There39。re several reasons for this lack of interest in corporate crime pared with other types of crime. It39。s often very plex, whereas conventional crime, it39。s usually possible to follow what39。s going on without specialist knowledge. As well as this, whereas conventional crime has a lot of human interest, corporate crime often has much less. The third reason, and possibly the most significant one, is that very often that victims are unaware. They think their misfortune is an accident, or that is the fault of no one in particular. They39。re unaware that they39。ve been victims of a crime.So when we look at the effects of corporate crime, we may find it39。s very difficult to assess the costs, but these costs can be very considerable in both their economic and social aspects.Let39。s look at the economic costs first. For example, if a pany is producing fruit juice, and it dilutes its product, so that39。s just a little below the concentration it should be, many millions of people may be paying a small amount of extra for their carrot orange juice. Now some amounts like this may seem insignificant for individual customers, too small to worry about. But for the pany, this deception might result in massive illegal profit. However all our studies of corporate crime agree that the individuals are in fact deprived of far more money by such crime than they39。re by conventional crime like robbery and theft.In addition to this we have to consider the social costs of corporate crime. And these are again very difficult to assess but they39。re considerable. They39。re important because they can undermine the faith of the public in the business world. And also, more importantly, because the main group of people they39。re in fact effected not the richer section of the society but the poorer. So here, panies are robbing the poorer then benefit the rich. There39。re two more points to do with corporate crime. Then I39。d like to illustrate with the reference to a pacific event which occurred several years ago. This was an explosion of a large oil tanker which cost the loss of more than fifty lives of the crew. It was an explosion which never should have happened and the subsequent inquiry laid the blame not on anyone who39。s actually been on the tanker at the time but on the owners of the tanker. They had deliberately decided not to carry out necessary repair work on the tanker as it was due to be sold. And it was this lack of repair work which was directly responsible for the explosion.Now this illustrates two points to do with corporate crime. First of all, that it39。s not had to be intentional. The owners of the tanker certainly did not intend it to explode but very serious consequence can result from people or organizations not considering the possible results are their actions seriously enough. The main crime here was indifference to the human results rather than actual intention to harm anyone. But that didn39。t make the results any less tragic. And this leads to my second point. That corporate crime can have very severe consequences. It39。s not just a matter of panies making big profits they should do, but of offense which may affect the lives of innocent people. And here39。re very often panies, because they say they didn39。t intend to harm anyone, can avoid taking responsibility for the results of their actions, and that has been a very dangerous slop hole in the law.Now further example of corporate crime was the... test3_section1W: Sarah, I39。ve heard that you want to move into a homestay family, is that correct?S: Yes, that39。s right. I39。ve been staying with my aunt and now my cousin is arriving from Singapore and my aunt need serve room for him. W: Oh, that39。s bad luck. Well I39。ll need to get some particulars first. Err, Sarah, what39。s your full name?S: Sarah Lhim, and that39。s Sarah with Lhim。W: En, how old are you Sarah?S: 23, only just. It was my birthday on the 21st of August.W: Ah, happy birthday for yesterday. How long have you been in Australia?S: A year in Adelaide and 6 months in Sydney. I prefer Sydney. I39。ve got more friends here.W: What39。s your address, your aunt39。s