【正文】 dents would like to see improved?J: Yes, one of the ments that students frequently make is that they find it difficult to find materials that are appropriate for their level, especially reading resources, so I think we need to label them more clearly. P: Well that39。s easy enough, we can get that organised every quickly. In fact I think we should review all of the study resources as some of them are looking a bit outofdate.J: Definitely. The CD section especially needs to be more current. I think we should get some of the ones that go with our latest course books and also make multiple copies.P: Good, now I was also thinking about some different materials that we haven39。t got in there at all. What do you think of the idea of introducing some workbooks? If we break them up into separate pages and laminate them, they39。d be a great resource. The students could study the main course book in class and then do followup practice in the SelfAccess Centre.J: That sounds good.P: Okay, now finally we need to think about how the room is used. I39。ll have to talk to the teachers and make sure we can all reach some agreement on a timetable to supervise the centre after class. But we also need to think about security, too. Especially if we39。re going to invest in some new equipment.J: What about putting in an alarm?P: Good idea. The other thing I39。d like to do is talk to our technicians and see whether we could somehow limit the access to . I really don39。t want to see that resource misused.J: What about if we agree to only use it before and after class?P: Yes, that would be fine. OK, anway... that39。s great for now. We39。ll dicuss it further when we39。ve arranged to...Section4Good morning everyone. Now whether you39。re going to University to study business or some other subject, many of you will eventually end up working for a pany of some kind.Now, when you first start working somewhere you will realise that the organisation you39。ve joined has certain characteristics. And we often refer to these social characteristics as the culture of the organisation this includes its unwritten ideas, beliefs, values and things like that. One well known writer has classified pany cultures by identifying four major types.The first type is called the Power Culture, and it39。s usually found in small organisations.It39。s the type of culture that needs a central source of power to be effective, and bucause control is in the hands of just one or two people there aren39。t many rules or procedures. Another characteristic is that munication usually takes the form of conversations rather than, say, formal meetings or written memos. Now one of the benefits of this culture is that the organisation has the ability to act quickly, so it responds well to threat, or danger on the one hand, and opportunity on the other.But on the negative side, this type of organisation doesn39。t always act effectively, because it depends too much on one or two people at the top, and when these people make poor decisions there39。s noone else who can influence them.And the kind of person who does well in this type of business culture is one who is happy to take risks, and for whom job security is a low priority.The next types if known as Role Culture—that39。s ROLE, not ROdouble L, by the way, and this type is usually found in large panies, which have lots of different levels in them. These organisations usually have separate departments that specialise in things like finance, or sales, or maintenance, or whatever. Each one is coordinated at the top by a small group of senior managers and typically everyone39。s job is controlled by sets of rules and procedures for example, there are specific job descriptions, rules for discipline, and so on.What are the benefits of this kind of culture? Well firstly, because it39。s found in large organisations, its fixed costs, or overheads as they39。re known, are low in relation to it39。s output, or what it produces. In other words it can achieve economies of scale. And secondly, it is particularly successful in business markets where technical expertise is important. On the other hand, this culture is often very slow to recognise the need for change, and even slower to react. What kind of person does this type of culture suit? Well it suits employees who value security, and who don39。t particularly want to have responsibility.Moving on now to Task Culturesthis type is found in organisations that are projectoriented. You usually find it where the market for the pany39。s product is extremely petitive, or where the products themselves have a short lifespan. Usually top management delegates the projects, the people and other resources. And once these have been allocated, little daytoday control is exercised from the top, because this would seem like breaking the rulesNow one of the major benefits of this culture is that it39。s flexible. But it does have some major disadvantages too.Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 113 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Hearing impairment or other auditory function deficit in young children can have a major impact on their development of speech and munication, resulting in a detrimental effect on their ability to learn at school. This is likely to have major consequences for the individual and the population as a whole. The New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from research carried out over two decades that 619% of children in that country are affected by hearing loss.A preliminary study in New Zealand has shown that classroom noise presents a major concern for teachers and pupils. Modern teaching practices, the organization of desks in the classroom, poor classroom acoustics, and mechanical means of ventilation such as airconditioning units all contribute to the number of children unable to prehend the teacher’s voice. Education researchers Nelson and Soli have also suggested that recent trends in learning ofte