【正文】 ld puters and puter accessories such as a mouse with a 12 in both the Department of SCM. Personal puter will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 SCM, plex industrial control systems may even have hundreds of SCM in the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other puting the sum, or even more than the number of human beingsSingle chip, also known as singlechip microcontroller, it is not plete a certain logic chips, but to a puter system integrated into a to a microputer, and puter than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. General talk: a chip bees a puter. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the puter the best choice.SCM and the puter functions internally with similar modules, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect as well, and hard disk memory devices, and different is its performance of these ponents were relatively weak many of our home puter, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can do with it ...... some control for a class is not very plicated electrical work is enough of. We are using automatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow! ...... It is primarily as a control section of the core ponentsIt is an online realtime control puter, controlline is that the scene is needed is a stronger antijamming ability, low cost, and this is, and offline puter (such as home PC), the main difference. Single chipMCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique features, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some great efforts are very difficult to do. A not very plex functions if the 5039。s with the United States developed 74 series, or the 6039。s CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the United States if the 7039。s with a series of successful SCM market, the result will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability!As the microcontroller on the costsensitive, so now the dominant software or the lowest level assembly language, which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machine code language, and as so low why is the use? Many highlevel language has reached the level of visual programming Why is not it? The reason is simply that there is no home puter as a single chip CPU, not as hard as a mass storage visualization of small highlevel language program which even if only one button, will reach tens of K of size! For the home PC39。s hard drive in terms of nothing, but in terms of the MCU is not acceptable. SCM in the utilization of hardware resources to be very high for the job so although the original is still in the pilation of a lot of use. The same token, if the giant puter operating system and applications run up to get home PC, home PC, also can not afford to.Can be said that the twentieth century across the three power era, that is, the age of electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the puter age. However, this puter, usually refers to the personal puter, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other ponents. Another type of puter, most people do not know how. This puter is to give all kinds of intelligent machines single chip (also known as microcontroller). As the name suggests, this puter system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually hidden in the charged mechanical stomach in. It is in the device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has a very broad field of use, such as smart meters, realtime industrial control, munications equipment, navigation systems, and household appliances. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective intelligent, such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products, not the circuit is too plicated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.附錄二：中文文獻(xiàn)單片機也被稱為微控制器（Microcontroller Unit），常用英文字母的縮寫MCU表示單片機，它最早是被用在工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域。單片機由芯片內(nèi)僅有CPU的專用處理器發(fā)展而來。最早的設(shè)計理念是通過將大量外圍設(shè)備和CPU集成在一個芯片中，使計算機系統(tǒng)更小，更容易集成進(jìn)復(fù)雜的而對體積要求嚴(yán)格的控制設(shè)備當(dāng)中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照這種思想設(shè)計出的處理器，從此以后，單片機和專用處理器的發(fā)展便分道揚鑣。 早期的單片機都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因為簡單可靠而性能不錯獲得了很大的好評。此后在8031上發(fā)展出了MCS51系列單片機系統(tǒng)?；谶@一系統(tǒng)的單片機系統(tǒng)直到現(xiàn)在還在廣泛使用。隨著工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域要求的提高，開始出現(xiàn)了16位單片機，但因為性價比不理想并未得到很廣泛的應(yīng)用。90年代后隨著消費電子產(chǎn)品大發(fā)展，單片機技術(shù)得到了巨大提高。隨著INTEL i960系列特別是后來的ARM系列的廣泛應(yīng)用，32位單片機迅速取代16位單片機的高端地位，并且進(jìn)入主流市場。而傳統(tǒng)的8位單片機的性能也得到了飛速提高，處理能力比起80年代提高了數(shù)百倍。目前，高端的32位單片機主頻已經(jīng)超過300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的專用處理器，而普通的型號出廠價格跌落至1美元，最高端的型號也只有10美元。當(dāng)代單片機系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)不再只在裸機環(huán)境下開發(fā)和使用，大量專用的嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)被廣泛應(yīng)用在全系列的單片機上。而在作為掌上電腦和手機核心處理的高端單片機甚至可以直接使用專用的Windows和Linux操作系統(tǒng)。 單片機比專用處理器更適合應(yīng)用于嵌入式系統(tǒng)，因此它得到了最多的應(yīng)用。事實上單片機是世界上數(shù)量最多的計算機?，F(xiàn)代人類生活中所用的幾乎每件電子和機械產(chǎn)品中都會集成有單片機。手機、電話、計算器、家用電器、電子玩具、掌上電腦以及鼠標(biāo)等電腦配件中都配有12部單片機。而個人電腦中也會有為數(shù)不少的單片機在工作。汽車上一般配備40多部單片機，復(fù)雜的工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)上甚至可能有數(shù)百臺單片機在同時工作！單片機的數(shù)量不僅遠(yuǎn)超過PC機和其他計算的總和，甚至比人類的數(shù)量還要多。 單片機又稱單片微控制器,它不是完成某一個邏輯功能的芯片,而是把一個計算機系統(tǒng)集成到一個芯片上。相當(dāng)于一個微型的計算機，和計算機相比，單片機只缺少了I/O設(shè)備。概括的講：一塊芯片就成了一臺計算機。它的體積小、質(zhì)量輕、價格便宜、為學(xué)習(xí)、應(yīng)用和開發(fā)提供了便利條件。同時，學(xué)習(xí)使用單片機是了解計算機原理與結(jié)構(gòu)的最佳選擇。 單片機內(nèi)部也用和電腦功能類似的模塊，比如CPU，內(nèi)存，并行總線，還有和硬盤作用相同的存儲器件，不同的是它的這些部件性能都相對我們的家用電腦弱很多，不過價錢也是低的，一般不超過10元即可。用它來做一些控制電器一類不是很復(fù)雜的工作足矣了。我們現(xiàn)在用的全自動滾筒洗衣機、排煙罩、VCD等等的家電里面都可以看到它的身影！它主要是作為控制部分的核心部件。 它是一種在線式實時控制計算機，在線式就是現(xiàn)場控制，需要的是有較強的抗干擾能力，較低的成本，這也是和離線式計算機的（比如家用PC）的主要區(qū)別。 1單片機芯片　單片機是靠程序運行的，并且可以修改。通過不同的程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)不同的功能，尤其是特殊的獨特的一