【正文】 form an adjective indicating the quality denoted by the noun, . quarrelsome9) –wise: suffix added to a noun to form an adverb meaning “with regard to the area indicating by the noun”, . careerwise10) un: prefix added to an adjective to indicate the absence of the quality indicated by the adjective, . unemployed7. What are the main features of the English pounds? Despite the various formations, all pounds share the following features:1) Orthographically, a pound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen in between, or as two separate words, ., armchair, followup, thunder bird.2) Syntactically, the part of speech of the pound is generally determined by the part of speech of the second element, ., headstrong adj. greenhouse n.3) Semantically, 語義地the meaning of pound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the meanings of its ponents. For example, a blackleg is not a leg that is black, a greenhouse is not a house that is green, a hotdog is not a dog at all.4) Phonetically, 語音學(xué)the stress of a pound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. For example, “,running ’dog.” Thus pronounced, the form means “a dog that is running,” the other way is to put the primary stress on the first element “running”, in this case, “running dog” is actually a pound noun and metaphorically it refers to a person who follows another person obediently in his wrong doings.8. Explain the formation and meaning of the following pounds:Example: nightcap, noun formed by bining two nouns, meaning a drink one takes before going to bed.1) cat’s paw: noun formed by two nouns, meaning a person used by another as a tool2) tablecloth: noun formed by bining two nouns, meaning a piece of cloth spread on a table to cover it3) greeneyed: adjective formed by bining an adjective and an –ed form, meaning jealous4) green horn: noun formed by bing an adjective and a noun, meaning a person not experienced for a job or occupation5) update: verb formed by bining an adverb and a verb, meaning to bring something up to date6) jet lag: noun formed by bing two nouns, meaning the feeling of fatigue caused by traveling in a jet plane crossing different time zones7) bootleg: verb (also noun) formed by bining two nouns meaning “to make, carry, or sell illicit goods”8) builtin: adjective formed by bining a past participle with preposition, meaning “made as an integral part”9) cockpit: noun formed by joining two nouns, meaning the partment in an aircraft where the pilot or the crew sit10) goodfornothing: adjective formed by joining an adjective, a preposition and a pronoun, meaning irresponsible or worthlessChapter 4: Syntax1. Define the following terms: 2. Types of sentences （句子的基本類型）:Traditionally, three major types of sentences are distinguished. They are simple sentence, coordinate or pound sentence and plex sentence. 1) A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. For example, ① John reads extensively. ② Mary decided to take a linguistic class the next semester. Each of the two sentences contains a single clause and can stand structurally independent. 2) A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as “and”, “but”, “or”. The two clauses in a coordinate sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence。 neither is subordinate to the other. For example, ③ John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. ④ John likes linguistics, but Mary is interested in history. 3) A plex sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a plex sentence have unequal status, one subordinating the other. The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an embedded clause, and the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix sentence. For example, ⑤ Mary told Jane [that John liked linguistics]. ⑥ [That John likes linguistics] puzzles everyone. ⑦ Mary showed interest in linguistics [after John gave her a lecture]. In the above three examples, the clauses in the square brackets are embedded clauses. They are subordinate to the clauses outside the brackets which are called matrix clauses.3. 畫出 “Flying planes can be dangerous.” 的樹型圖。” (答案見課本，可以自己手工畫一下)This sentence is ambiguous because it has two readings: a. Planes which are flying can be dangerous. b. To fly planes can be dangerous. The tree diagrams are as follows: 4. Because languages have recursive properties, 循環(huán)性there is no limit to the potential length of sentences, and the set of sentences of any language is infinite. Give two examples to show the recursive properties of sentences.a. I love music.b. You know that I love music.c. Everybody knows that you know that I love music.a. The little girl saw the man with the telescope.b. The little girl saw the man with the telescope which was purchased at a new shop.c. The little girl saw the man with the telescope which was purchased at a new shop whose owner was a good friend of the little girl. (注意看一下課后習題)Chapter 5: Semantics語義學(xué)1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning(語義研究的主要流派有哪些)? 1) The naming theory:It was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things. 2) The conceptualist view:It holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. In the interpretation of meaning, they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. 3) Contextualism:語境主義It is based on the presumption（假定） that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized: t