【正文】 rawal of government forces from disputed regions AND THE releasing OF certain political prisoners.Right:The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND THE RELEASE OF certain political prisoners.3．如果一個(gè)動(dòng)詞有具體的名詞形式，就不要用動(dòng)名詞，如extract就有名詞extractionOG129：定語(yǔ)從句不要倒裝；OG133：就近修飾，定語(yǔ)從句或ving 修飾OG： D50 that的指代是否模糊？4．不定式平行，若有3個(gè)及以上元素，是否省略To看前一個(gè)It is critical to suspend activities, notify investors, AND say not5．總結(jié)：可以相互平行的詞名詞 其他 ＋復(fù)雜動(dòng)名詞 CH12 代詞和修飾語(yǔ)（高階）（一）代詞1．代詞（1）there：there 如果做代詞代指某個(gè)地方時(shí)，前面一定要提到這個(gè)地方，而且必須是介賓短語(yǔ)形式，不能是形容詞成分。EG: Oil in Arctic may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and environmental concerns addressed. Arctic oil may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and environmental concernsaddressed.（2）itself, themselves, one another, each other: 一般表強(qiáng)調(diào)其指代的名詞After the agreement surfaced, the mission dissolved it. (解散Agreement)After the agreement surfaced, the mission dissolved itself. (解散Commission)（3）such, other, another以上三個(gè)代詞一般在后面跟一個(gè)概括性的名詞指代前面的名詞。After the agreement surfaced, the mission decided to subject any such contracts to debate inthe future.（4）one：指代具有非定義性，且只能指代前面的單數(shù)名詞，或者其中的一個(gè)。After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat （5）do so 和 do itDo so : 可以指代整個(gè)的動(dòng)作，包含謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，賓語(yǔ)和修飾語(yǔ)Q did not eat dinner quickly, but her brother did so. 指代eat dinner quickly（so可省略）Do it : it必須指代一個(gè)確切的名詞Q failed to do the homework, but his brother did it. 指代前面的homework.Quinn did not eat the soup, but her brother ate it.2．代詞變換位置（1）不定式做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用it作形式主語(yǔ)It is futile to resist temptation. 對(duì) TO RESIST temptation is futile. 錯(cuò)（2）that 從句做主語(yǔ)，通常用it作形式主語(yǔ)It gave us encouragement that we scored at all. 223。 THAT we scored at all gave us encouragement.但是it在其他情況下都不可以指代從句。（3）不定式或that 從句做賓語(yǔ)，用it作形式賓語(yǔ)She made it possible for us to attend the movie.She made possible our attendance at the movie.She made our attendance at the movie possible. 都對(duì)3．有時(shí)候避免代詞指代不清的一種方式就是用一個(gè)概括性的名詞替代，這樣還可以避免直接用之前的名詞造成重復(fù)After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then searched for a tree to hang the deer(the meat) from.Right: New nanopapers incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength.4．代詞使用的一些細(xì)微差別（1）單數(shù)代詞指代單數(shù)名詞（2）性別代詞要一致,his/her/its（3）重復(fù)的代詞經(jīng)常被認(rèn)為指代的是同一個(gè)名詞,一個(gè)句子中所有的it/they始終指代同一個(gè)詞（4）代詞一般指代離其最近的名詞，但不能過(guò)于近了；EG: In the station house IT is considered taboo. it 不能指代station house大多數(shù)情況被指代詞在代詞之前,但也有特殊的，在其之后EG: After he dried his tears, Jack made a smile.（5）代詞出現(xiàn)的平行位置（主謂賓）相同，可視為相同指代Note: 如果發(fā)現(xiàn)用以上代詞指代的5原則竟然排除了所有5個(gè)選項(xiàng)，那么只能放棄這5原則，然后找找看其他的錯(cuò)誤。（二）修飾語(yǔ)1．of 修飾短語(yǔ): of 短語(yǔ)修飾其前面的名詞,而代詞則指代整個(gè)of介詞短語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容（1）He had a way of dodging opponents that impressed the scouts.在本句中，that從句指代a way of dodging opponents，且that省略了更好，而不是單指a wayBest: His way OF DODGING OPPONENTS impressed the scouts.（2）An ice sheet covers 80 percent of the surface of Greenland, an area roughly the size of Alaska.2．為避免主語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)過(guò)于冗長(zhǎng)，有時(shí)候會(huì)將修飾語(yǔ)后置對(duì)：A new CEO has been hired who will transform the pany by decentralizing authority to various division heads while increasing their accountability through the use of public scorecards.錯(cuò)：A new CEO who will transform the pany by decentralizing authority to various division heads while increasing their accountability through the use of public scorecards has been hired.3．插入語(yǔ)，在主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間，插入一個(gè)成分對(duì)主語(yǔ)進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明,用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。Our system of Presidential elections favors states, such as Delaware, that bv population are overrepresented in the Electoral College. （that修飾的是states）4．平行修飾的時(shí)候，其中一組修飾詞一定緊跟著他們所修飾的名詞。In heraldry, the term tincture refers to a color emblazoned on a coat of arms and labeled with a special French word.總之，名詞修飾語(yǔ)一定要緊跟其修飾的對(duì)象，少數(shù)情況例外。（三）所有格(1) 不要選擇Y of X’s 這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)，永遠(yuǎn)是錯(cuò)的； 要么of X,要么X’s(2) GMAT 在80%~90%情況下認(rèn)為復(fù)數(shù)不能用所有格，如humans’EG: : Certain humans39。 parasites have been shown to provide bacterial resistance and protection√: Certain parasites in humans have been shown to provide bacterial resistance andprotection大部分名詞用of X 結(jié)構(gòu)可以清晰替代所有格，少部分如sales,要用in所有格，不等同于普通名詞，不能簡(jiǎn)單修飾（四）當(dāng)修飾一個(gè)集合名詞的時(shí)候，有三種常見(jiàn)修飾(1) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of which were only recentlydiscovered.錯(cuò): This model explains all known subatomic particles, of which some were only recentlydiscovered.(2) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them only recently discovered.錯(cuò)：This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them which were only recentlydiscovered.(3) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some only recently discovered.錯(cuò)：This model explains all known subatomic particles, SOME OF WHICH only recently discovered.其中的some，可能被替換成any, none, all, more/most，many, each, either, neither, half, one（五）從句與現(xiàn)在分詞修飾(1) 從句和分詞都可以修飾主語(yǔ)或者謂語(yǔ)，一般情況下可以通用，但遇到一些有明顯時(shí)態(tài)變化的句子，要根據(jù)具體情況而定。① The rate of language extinction is accelerating, a tendency ultimately culminating in thesurvival of just a few languages, according to some.② The rate of language extinction is accelerating, a tendency that will ultimately culminate in the survival of just a few languages, according to some.（這種句式又叫獨(dú)立詞組）第二句好一些，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)ultimately用將來(lái)時(shí)要好些。而第一句表明是現(xiàn)在時(shí)。在一道題里，如果只有分詞ing的形式不同，那么通常從句＋動(dòng)詞的形式分詞ing形式，因?yàn)榭梢愿逦谋磉_(dá)時(shí)態(tài)的變化。(2) 實(shí)際上有兩種修飾前句的方法① 獨(dú)立詞組：如上述形式，一般是一句結(jié)束后，一個(gè)概括性名詞+that 從句② Ving 形式：Ving 形式跟在主句后面，有四個(gè)情況可用：；；（在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中），例如bring to 34只海鳥(niǎo)那道題。Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations around theworld, suggesting the cataclysmic impact of a meteor millions of years ago.（suggesting修飾de是前面整句話，那個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)果）CH13動(dòng)詞和比較（高階）（一）助動(dòng)詞：be /do /have1．若出現(xiàn)時(shí)態(tài)變化，則句子中助動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)的使用對(duì)I have never seen an aardvark, but my father has.錯(cuò)I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father did.對(duì)I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father saw 2．助動(dòng)詞后省略的詞一定要是原文之前出現(xiàn)過(guò)的錯(cuò)Our cars were designe