【正文】 —壓縮周期和周期延長(zhǎng)。壓縮周期時(shí)，活塞向下運(yùn)動(dòng)，壓縮液壓流體的活塞下室。延長(zhǎng)周期發(fā)生的活塞走向頂端的壓力管，壓縮流體在上述活塞室。一個(gè)典型的汽車和輕型卡車將有更多的阻力在其擴(kuò)展周期比其壓縮循環(huán)。在這方面，壓縮周期控制車輛運(yùn)動(dòng)的拍體重量，同時(shí)擴(kuò)展控制彈簧重量較重。所有現(xiàn)代的減振器是速度敏感—懸浮移動(dòng)的速度就越快，減振器阻力越規(guī)定。這使得沖擊，以適應(yīng)道路條件和控制可能出現(xiàn)不需要的方案在行駛的車輛，包括彈跳，搖擺，剎車和加速。另一種常見(jiàn)的阻尼結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)減震器安裝在一個(gè)彈簧上。它的執(zhí)行兩項(xiàng)工作：提供一個(gè)減震器的阻尼作用，并為他們提供車輛懸掛的支撐結(jié)構(gòu)。這意味著提供一個(gè)多支柱減振器，他們只控制一輛汽車的重量轉(zhuǎn)移的速度，而不是本身的重量。圖61共同支撐設(shè)計(jì)由于一輛汽車有這么多的沖擊處理，他們可以被認(rèn)為是關(guān)鍵的安全功能。磨損沖擊可以讓過(guò)多的車輛重量從一側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)移到一邊，從前到后。這降低了輪胎的抓地力能力的道路，以及處理和制動(dòng)性能。防搖桿（也稱為防側(cè)傾桿）是用于和減震器一起給一個(gè)移動(dòng)的汽車額外的穩(wěn)定。防搖桿是一種金屬桿，把跨越整個(gè)軸兩側(cè)的懸掛系統(tǒng)有效地連接在一起。當(dāng)在一個(gè)車輪懸架向上和向下移動(dòng)，防搖桿轉(zhuǎn)讓轉(zhuǎn)移到其他車輪。這將創(chuàng)建一個(gè)更好的平順性和減少汽車搖擺?；谶@個(gè)原因，今天幾乎所有的汽車都作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配置防搖裝置的桿機(jī)構(gòu)，但如果他們沒(méi)有，包可以很容易地安裝在任何的桿機(jī)構(gòu)。雖然增強(qiáng)和改善了彈簧和減振器，但汽車懸架的基本設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)過(guò)多年來(lái)的沒(méi)有一個(gè)顯著的變化。但是這要改變一個(gè)品牌，新的懸掛設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)思的Bose—在相同的Bose聲技術(shù)方面的創(chuàng)新而聞名，所有已知的介紹。一些專家甚至于說(shuō)，Bose是在汽車懸架以來(lái)最大的一個(gè)全獨(dú)立設(shè)計(jì)推出的進(jìn)步。圖 81前懸架模塊它是如何工作的呢，Bose在每個(gè)系統(tǒng)使用一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的沖擊和彈簧安裝輪子代替線性電磁馬達(dá)（LEM的）。該發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的主要好處是，它們不是由傳統(tǒng)的慣性流體的阻尼器來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)限制。該輪的議案能夠在不論是什么在方向盤的情況都能進(jìn)行精細(xì)的控制，使該車體保持水平。LEM也可以抵消車身振動(dòng)，而加速，剎車和轉(zhuǎn)彎的時(shí)候，使司機(jī)的控制更加得心應(yīng)手。不幸的是，這種模式暫時(shí)將無(wú)法使用，直到2009年，將在一個(gè)或多個(gè)高檔豪華車提供。在此之前，司機(jī)必須依靠可靠的真實(shí)的經(jīng)得起百年考驗(yàn)的懸掛。附錄B 外文原文How Car Suspensions WorkBy William HarrisUniversity of MichiganWhen people think of automobile performance, they normally think of horsepower, torque and zeroto60 acceleration. But all of the power generated by a piston engine is useless if the driver can39。t control the car. That39。s why automobile engineers turned their attention to the suspension system almost as soon as they had mastered the fourstroke internal bustion engine.Doublewishbone suspension on Honda Accord 2005 CoupeThe job of a car suspension is to maximize the friction between the tires and the road surface, to provide steering stability with good handling and to ensure the fort of the passengers. In this article, we39。ll explore how car suspensions work, how they39。ve evolved over the years and where the design of suspensions is headed in the future.1. Vehicle Dynamics If a road were perfectly flat, with no irregularities, suspensions wouldn39。t be necessary. But roads are far from flat. Even freshly paved highways have subtle imperfections that can interact with the wheels of a car. It39。s these imperfections that apply forces to the wheels. According to Newton39。s laws of motion, all forces have both magnitude and direction. A bump in the road causes the wheel to move up and down perpendicular to the road surface. The magnitude, of course, depends on whether the wheel is striking a giant bump or a tiny speck. Either way, the car wheel experiences a vertical acceleration as it passes over an imperfection.Without an intervening structure, all of wheel39。s vertical energy is transferred to the frame, which moves in the same direction. In such a situation, the wheels can lose contact with the road pletely. Then, under the downward force of gravity, the wheels can slam back into the road surface. What you need is a system that will absorb the energy of the vertically accelerated wheel, allowing the frame and body to ride undisturbed while the wheels follow bumps in the road.The study of the forces at work on a moving car is called vehicle dynamics, and you need to understand some of these concepts in order to appreciate why a suspension is necessary in the first place. Most automobile engineers consider the dynamics of a moving car from two perspectives:1) Ride a car39。s ability to smooth out a bumpy road2) Handling a car39。s ability to safely accelerate, brake and corner These two characteristics can be further described in three important principles road isolation, road holding and cornering. The table below describes these principles and how engineers attempt to solve the challenges unique to each.A car39。s suspension, with its various ponents, provides all of the solutions described.2. The Chassis SystemThe suspension of a car is actually part of the chassis, which prises all of the important systems located beneath the car39。s body. Figure 21 ChassisThese systems include: 1) The frame structural, loadcarrying ponent that supports the car39。s engine and body, which are in turn supported by the suspension 2) The suspension system setup that supports weight, absorbs and dampens shock and helps maintain tire contact 3) The steering system mechanism that enables the driver to guide and direct the vehicle 4) The tires and wheels ponents that make vehicle motion possible by way of grip and/or friction with the road So the suspension is just one of the major systems in any vehicle. With this bigpicture overview in mind, it39。s time to look at the three fundamental ponents of any suspension: springs, dampers and antisway bars. 3. Springs Today39。s springing systems are based on one of four basic designs:1）Coil springs This is the most mon type of spring and is, in essence, a heavyduty torsion bar coiled around an axis. Coil springs press and expand to absorb the motion of the wheels.2）Leaf springs This type of spring consists of several layers of metal (called leaves) bound together to act as a single unit. Leaf springs were first used on horsedrawn carriages and were found on most American automobiles until 1985. They are still used today on most trucks and heavyduty vehicles.3）Torsion bars Torsion bars use the twisting properties of a steel bar to provide coilspringlike performance. This is how they work: One end of a bar is anchored to the vehicle frame. The other end is attached to a wishbone, which acts like a lever that moves perpendicular to the torsion bar. When the wheel hits a bump, vertical motion is transferred to the wishbone and then, through the levering action, to the torsion bar. The torsion bar then twists along its axis to provide the spring force. European carmakers used this system extensively, as did Packard and Chrysler in the United States, through the 1950s and 1960s.4）Air springs Air springs, which consist of a cylindrical chamber of air positioned between the wheel and the car39。s body, use the pressi