【正文】 traditions to those colonists…and established…the idea…and the need…為句子主干)幾個(gè)藝術(shù)收藏家，波士頓的詹姆士鮑德溫三世、弗吉尼亞的威廉白爾德租費(fèi)城的阿里昂夫婦以及漢密爾頓夫婦將歐洲藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)介紹給那些被特許參觀他們畫廊的殖民者，尤其是有抱負(fù)的藝術(shù)家們，并在他們各自的社區(qū)形成了藝術(shù)有價(jià)值和需要設(shè)立機(jī)構(gòu)以鼓勵(lì)其發(fā)展的觀念。77．The achievements of the colonial artists，particularly those of Copley，West, and Peale，lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste——a necessary step before art could assume an important role in the new republic．(The achievements…lent credence to the boast that…and that…為句子主干，兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)從句都作boast的同位語)這些殖民地藝術(shù)家的成就，尤其是考伯萊、韋斯特和皮爾的成就，為新國(guó)家有能力鼓勵(lì)天才和政治自由與藝術(shù)品味的發(fā)展相一致的宣言提供了憑證——這是藝術(shù)，在新的共和國(guó)里擔(dān)當(dāng)重要角色之前所必須經(jīng)歷的一步。78．The railroad simultaneously stripped the landscape of the natural resources，made velocity of transport and economy of scale necessary parts of industrial production，and carried consumer goods to households.(and連接的并列句；strip…of…——?jiǎng)儕Z…的…)鐵路同時(shí)剝奪了土地的自然資源，使運(yùn)輸速度和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)成為工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的必需部分，并將消費(fèi)品送到各家各戶。79．Moreover，in addition to its being a transportation pathway equipped with a mammoth physical plant of tracks signals，crossings，bridges，and junctions，plus telegraph and telephone lines the railroad nurtured factory plexes，coat piles。warehouses，and generating stations，forming along its right, ofway what has aptly been called “the metropolitan corridor” of the American landscape.(the railroad nurtured factory plexes…為句子主干；what引導(dǎo)的從句作forming的賓語)而且，鐵路除了是裝備有龐大的路軌信號(hào)廠、十字路口、橋梁、交叉點(diǎn)以及電報(bào)和電話線的運(yùn)輸路徑外，還產(chǎn)生了聯(lián)合工廠、服裝大樓、倉庫和發(fā)電站，在它的沿途形成了美國(guó)風(fēng)景中被恰如其分地叫做“都市走廊”的景象。 Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry，using the reeds，grasses，barks，and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes—not only trays，containers，and cooking pots，but hats，boats，fish traps，baby carriers，and ceremonial objects．(fashion制作)加利福尼亞北部的美國(guó)土著人非常擅長(zhǎng)編織工藝，他們用在周圍找到的蘆葦、野草、樹皮和樹根來制作各種類型和大小的物件，不僅有盤子、容器和飯鍋，還有帽子、小船、魚鉤、嬰兒籃和儀式用品。 warp was always made of willow，and the most monly used weIt was sedge root，a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread．(a woody fiber作sedge root的同位語)經(jīng)向篾條總是用柳條做成，使用最多的橫向篾條是莎草根，這是一種能夠被輕易分成不比線條粗的多股的木質(zhì)纖維。，if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space, all the rocks making up its crust may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks．(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)may well have been——可能是)因此，如果地球開始時(shí)是太空中一個(gè)過熱的球體，那么所有組成地殼的巖石都可能是火成的，因此成為所有其他巖石的祖先。83 It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appearedthe use of money and mercial paper in place of barter，open petition in place of social deference and hierarchy，with an attendant rise in social disorder，and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools．(It was in the cities that the elements…first appeared為強(qiáng)調(diào)句；破折號(hào)之后的部分是對(duì)前面elements一詞的具體說明；attendant——伴隨的)正是在城市里，第一次出現(xiàn)了能夠與現(xiàn)代資本主義聯(lián)系起來的因素——代替實(shí)物交換的貨幣與商業(yè)文件的使用，以及隨著社會(huì)混亂的增加，代替社會(huì)順從和階層的公開競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，還有使用煤或水力代替用手工工具勞動(dòng)的獨(dú)立手藝人的工廠的出現(xiàn)。 older painters，most of whom were born before 1835，practiced in a mode often selftaught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design．(The older painters…practiced in a mode…and were securely established and fostered by…為句子主干)老一代畫家大多數(shù)出生于1835年以前，他們以一種經(jīng)常是自學(xué)的方式和以風(fēng)景畫題材為主的形式作畫。這些老畫家是由當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)藝壇上占統(tǒng)治地位的國(guó)家設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院培養(yǎng)出來的，而且他們也在那里確立了自己的地位。85．Most important，perhaps，was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and position consistent with those of America39。s first popular landscape artist，Thomas Cole，who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River．(倒裝句：Most important…was that…=that…was most important)也許最重要的是，他們都在某種程度上忠實(shí)地保持一種與美國(guó)第一位流行山水畫家托馬斯科爾相一致的技巧和創(chuàng)作方式，后者是以描繪臨近哈得遜河的愷特斯基爾山風(fēng)景而建立其事業(yè)的。86．In 15 or 30 seconds．a(chǎn) speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question，cannot detail the probable causes of the problem，and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others．(以and連接的并列句)在15或30秒的時(shí)間里，發(fā)言人無法建立形成正在討論的問題的歷史背景；不能 詳細(xì)闡述問題產(chǎn)生的可能原因；無法仔細(xì)審查幾種建議以辯論哪一種更可取。87．Recognizing the power of television39。s pictures，politicians craft televisual, staged events，called pseudo—events，designed to attract media coverage．(三個(gè)過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)staged，called pseudo—events，designed to…都作定語，其中staged修飾events，called pseudo．events與designed to attract media coverage都修飾前面的staged events；craft——制作)政治家們認(rèn)識(shí)到電視畫面的威力，因此精心制作旨在吸引媒體報(bào)道的經(jīng)過故意安排的電視事件(被稱為虛構(gòu)事件)。 88．Now，scientists have data from satellites and ground—based observations from which we know that the auroral brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign． (介詞提前的定語從句：from which，which指前面的data) 如今，科學(xué)家們根據(jù)來自衛(wèi)星和陸基觀察的數(shù)據(jù)得知，極光是發(fā)光原理類似于霓虹燈的巨大的電流釋放。89．Outside the magnetosphere，blasting toward the Earth is the solar wind，a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic field． (倒裝句：blasting toward the Earth is the solar wind…=the solar wind…is blasting toward the Earth) 在磁氣圈的外圍，太陽風(fēng)暴——一個(gè)有著自身磁場(chǎng)、迅速移動(dòng)的電離化氣團(tuán)構(gòu)成的等離子體一極快地襲向地球。 90．Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration，from town and farm to city，within the United States． (倒裝句：Matching the influx…was a domestic migration…=a domestic migration…was matching the influx…) 19世紀(jì)晚期，與外國(guó)移民流入美國(guó)較大城市相媲美的，是美國(guó)本土移民從小鎮(zhèn)和鄉(xiāng)村到城市的國(guó)內(nèi)遷移。91．The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life in the city and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of people needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories．(and連接的并列句；過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)needed to…作large concentrations of people的定語)農(nóng)業(yè)革命刺激了許多生活在鄉(xiāng)村的人去城市尋找新生活，而且使較少的農(nóng)民有可能養(yǎng)活不斷增加的工廠需要用來提供勞動(dòng)力的集中人群。92．The different uses to which societies put thes