【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 美國(guó)民間藝術(shù)確實(shí)是被普通民眾所有、所創(chuàng)和所享的藝術(shù)。隨著日漸繁榮和不斷增加的空閑，這些民眾為各種藝術(shù)，尤其是肖像藝術(shù)創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)市場(chǎng)。 39．But in the heyday of portrait paintingfrom the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s—anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could bee a limner as such a portraitist was called.(as引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句)但是在肖像畫的全盛期——從18世紀(jì)晚期一直到19世紀(jì)50年代——任何一個(gè)稍有藝術(shù)能力的人都能夠成為一個(gè)繪畫者(人們當(dāng)時(shí)就是這樣稱呼一個(gè)肖像畫家的)。40．The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one，and in fact，in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople．(并列句；特殊結(jié)構(gòu)far from)新生的美國(guó)從其殖民地時(shí)期的先輩那里繼承的雕塑遺產(chǎn)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)談不上豐富，而且，實(shí)際上在1776年雕塑作為—種藝術(shù)形式仍然掌握在手藝人和工匠的手里。41．0n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired，Americans turned to foreign sculptors，as in the 177039。s when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina，missioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt．(句子主干是Americans turned to foreign sculptors；兩個(gè)when都引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句：occasion when…，177039。s when…；as(in the 177039。s)的意思是“正如”)在少數(shù)情況下，當(dāng)需要一件精美的雕刻品時(shí)，就像1770年紐約與南卡羅來(lái)納的查爾斯頓城委托英國(guó)人約瑟夫威爾頓制造威廉皮特的大理石雕像一樣，美國(guó)人求助于外國(guó)人。 42．Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans—originally trained as stonemasons，carpenters，or cabinetmakersattacked the medium from which they were to make their images，and one understands more fully the development of sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century．(add to this the timidity…=add the timidity…to this為祈使句，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件句：if one adds to this the timidity…)這個(gè)再加上沒有受過學(xué)校教育的藝人——他們最初是被訓(xùn)練為石匠、木匠或家具木工的——對(duì)待他們要制作成雕像的媒介物的膽怯，使人更充分地了解18世紀(jì)晚期美國(guó)雕刻藝術(shù)的發(fā)展。43．Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy，desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height，and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant39。s gazelles．(what引導(dǎo)的從句作rise to的賓語(yǔ))沙漠哺乳動(dòng)物并不試圖將體溫控制得很低，因?yàn)檫@么做將會(huì)涉及水和能量的消耗，而是允許體溫上升到平常是高燒的溫度——有人在格蘭特羚羊身上曾測(cè)到高達(dá)46攝氏度的體溫。44．Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent.(whereby=by which，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，表示手段)租金管制是政府借以告訴房主他們可以收取多少租金的系統(tǒng)。45．They were spurred by the inflation of the 197039。s，which，bined with California39。s rapid population growth，pushed housing prices，as well as rents, to record levels．(which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句)它們受到了20世紀(jì)70年代通貨膨脹的刺激，這次通貨膨脹與加利福尼亞人口的迅速增長(zhǎng)結(jié)合在一起，將房?jī)r(jià)與租金推到了創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的水平。46．Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well：that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony．(倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well=An aesthetic principle is implicit in it as well，that引導(dǎo)的句子做principle的同位語(yǔ))其中也蘊(yùn)涵一個(gè)美學(xué)原則：用于雕刻的媒介物有一定的美和富于表現(xiàn)力的特性，雕刻家必須使他們自己的審美感與這些特性融為和諧的—體。47．With the turnofcentury Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration，such as wooden African figures and masks，there arose a new urge for handson, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium．(there arose…是一個(gè)存在句)隨著世紀(jì)之交的手工藝運(yùn)動(dòng)和非傳統(tǒng)靈感源泉(像非洲形體和面具)的發(fā)現(xiàn)，出現(xiàn)了一種親自實(shí)踐、親手制作藝術(shù)和與媒介物直接接觸的新要求。48．The mon kestrel roosts and hunts alone，but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks，possibly SO one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms．(possibly so=possibly so that)普通紅隼單獨(dú)棲息和狩獵，但較小的紅隼群棲群食，很可能因此一只鳥可以從其他鳥那兒了解到在哪兒可以找到成群的昆蟲。49．In the 1500s when the Spanish moved into what later was to bee the southwestern United States，they encountered the ancestors of the modern day Pueblo，Hopi，and Zuni peoples．(when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，what引導(dǎo)的從句作moved into的賓語(yǔ))16世紀(jì)西班牙人進(jìn)入后來(lái)成為美國(guó)西南部的地方時(shí)，他們遇到了今天皮艾布魯人、霍比人和株尼人的祖先。50．During the 194039。s electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible light microscope，while the performance of xray microscopes resisted improvement．(that指代前面的resolution，possible with a visible．1ight microscope作that的定語(yǔ))20世紀(jì)40年代，電子顯微鏡通常比可見光顯微鏡的分辨能力更強(qiáng)，而X光顯微鏡的表現(xiàn)卻沒有改進(jìn)。5 1．What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish，harmful or affected．(what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句；that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句)它們所做的就是從這樣一個(gè)角度來(lái)看待熟悉的環(huán)境，使這些環(huán)境看上去愚蠢、有害或做作。52．Satire jars US out of placence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false．(out of…into…擺脫…，進(jìn)入…；that引導(dǎo)的從句many of the values…are false作realization的同位語(yǔ)；we unquestioningly accept作values的定語(yǔ))諷刺作品使我們擺脫了自滿情緒，并在愉快與震驚之中認(rèn)識(shí)到：許多我們毫無(wú)疑問地接受的價(jià)值觀是錯(cuò)誤的。53．With spontaneous irreverence，satire rearranges perspectives．scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude．(and連接并列句)諷刺作品用自然流露的嘲諷態(tài)度再設(shè)了視角，將熟悉的事物自相矛盾地置于一起，使用個(gè)性化語(yǔ)言，而不是抽象的陳詞濫調(diào)。54．It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus，an irreverent reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy．(that引導(dǎo)的從句作reminder的同位語(yǔ))它之所以存在，是因?yàn)樽x者欣賞它使人耳目一新的刺激，它毫不客氣地提醒：他們活在一個(gè)充滿陳腐思想、廉價(jià)的道德說教與荒謬哲學(xué)的世界里。55． Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them。nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity．(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)attribute to——賦予，歸因于；nor放在句首引起倒裝)軍人很少擁有人們?cè)陔娪爸匈x予他們的那種理想，普通公民也很少奉獻(xiàn)他們的生命為人類無(wú)私地服務(wù)。56．In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field，the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation．(what引導(dǎo)的從句作specializing in的賓語(yǔ))除了在專攻似乎是一個(gè)狹窄領(lǐng)域時(shí)不得不成為多面手以外，研究人員還面臨著關(guān)于原始材料的文獻(xiàn)很少或者根本沒有這一問題。，the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed helps determine which bill design is the best．(句子主干是the degree…h(huán)elps determine…，從句to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed作degree的定語(yǔ))而且球果自然地輕微開口或緊緊關(guān)閉的程度有助于確定哪種喙的設(shè)計(jì)是最好的。 was she，a Baltimore printer，who published the first official copies of the Declaration，the first copies that included the n