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中小企業(yè)融資障礙及對(duì)策研究-資料下載頁

2025-06-28 02:20本頁面
  

【正文】 s economic groups.The . government39。s policy towards SMEs only a small number of loans, the Government mainly through the federal Small Business Administration to develop macrocontrol policies to guide the private capital investment to small and medium enterprises. In the United States nearly 45 years of history, Small Business Investment Company (under the federal Small Business Administration) through the investment projects 140,000 to about 90,000 small businesses provided 40 billion . dollars of funds, the creation of about one million new jobs. . Small Business Investment Company, former head of the Tang Christensen ? A view that China should learn from the United States or some experience in grafting, if small businesses can give full play to the role of investment panies, then, China39。s small enterprises will be developed into a mediumsized enterprises . . small and medium enterprises financing structureEquity financing: The main owner of the assets of the owner39。s equity accounted share of 2 / 3, representing approximately % of total assets. Assets are the rights and interests other options, accounting for about percent of total assets. This part of the shares of the owner is mainly relatives and friends. They neither have the majority of shares, nor is it a major business decisionmakers. There is also a known as the angel funding equity, total assets of the enterprises accounted for about percent. Angel capital refers to small and medium enterprises in the startup period for the development of small and mediumsized to provide a direct personal or family funds, but also to provide certain management advice and experience. In addition, the venture capital, this type of investment, mainly to vote for small, medium and hightech enterprises. True in the development of small and medium enterprises have access to this type of venture capital, the amount accounted for only % of total assets. The proportion of foreign capital is not high, about percent, but very clearly the purpose of investment is to encourage and promote the development of small and mediumsized hightech enterprises.Debt Financing: From financial institutions: Bank credit accounted for % of total assets Financial panies accounted for % of total assetsOther financial institutions (including nonfinancial institutions) accounted for 3% of total assets From nonfinancial institutions and government funding: % for mercial credit % for other enterprises % Government Participation by the private investment funds, accountingfor %United States Government to provide loans to small and mediumsized security model Loan guarantees for small and mediumsized federal Small Business Administration is an important task, and its security as follows: to the Federal Small Business Administration39。s reputation as a small business loan guarantees to mercial banks, under normal circumstances, the Federal Small Business Administration loans the total amount of 75% ~ 80% of the guarantee, the rest of the mercial banks. Federal Small Business Administration loans up to a maximum of 750,000 . dollars. The risk of loss of loan guarantee by the Government as a risk management budget. Federal Small Business Administration in accordance with financial institutions, small business lending experience and performance, to participate in the secured loan lending institutions are classified based on different procedures.中小企業(yè)融資難的問題不是中國(guó)所特有。在美國(guó),這種經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象同樣存在,所不同的是,美國(guó)政府有一套市場(chǎng)化措施支持中小企業(yè)融資。 我國(guó)中小企業(yè)發(fā)展十分迅猛,目前全國(guó)中小企業(yè)已達(dá)430多萬家,可見中小企業(yè)在中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中占據(jù)的成分已經(jīng)越來越大。為了幫助我國(guó)中小企業(yè)發(fā)展,中央政府近年頒布了不少政策。但是,在融資方面,國(guó)內(nèi)的大多數(shù)中小企業(yè)仍然處處“碰釘子”。許多中小企業(yè)因?yàn)橘Y金短缺,發(fā)展已經(jīng)受到了限制。也許,美國(guó)政府鼓勵(lì)中小企業(yè)融資的方式方法值得借鑒。 (1)美國(guó)中小企業(yè)貸款同樣存在困難 %,但從中小企業(yè)來看,由于存在著相對(duì)較高的貸款風(fēng)險(xiǎn),導(dǎo)致商業(yè)性金融機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)中小企業(yè)貸款不足,影響中小企業(yè)的融資。 美國(guó)商業(yè)性金融體系相當(dāng)發(fā)達(dá),但因中小企業(yè)普遍存在規(guī)模小、信用不足、經(jīng)營(yíng)環(huán)境差等原因,中小企業(yè)并不是商業(yè)性金融機(jī)構(gòu)所青睞的放款對(duì)象。只有那些發(fā)展穩(wěn)定、產(chǎn)品具有市場(chǎng)、信用條件良好的中小企業(yè)才能取得商業(yè)銀行的貸款。這一點(diǎn)和我國(guó)商業(yè)銀行對(duì)待中小企業(yè)貸款的態(tài)度幾乎沒有什么區(qū)別。 通常,美國(guó)中小企業(yè)的長(zhǎng)期融資額中有25%~85%來自企業(yè)內(nèi)部積累。20世紀(jì)90年代中期,%%,由此看出,美國(guó)中小企業(yè)取得商業(yè)融資的比重并不高。 所不同的是,美國(guó)政府從未給商業(yè)性金融機(jī)構(gòu)“下達(dá)”行政性指標(biāo),而主要是通過政府對(duì)中小企業(yè)政策性金融機(jī)構(gòu)提供的擔(dān)保基金,引導(dǎo)商業(yè)性金融機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)中小企業(yè)貸款。此外,在美國(guó)中小企業(yè)信用擔(dān)保中,商業(yè)銀行也具有較大的主動(dòng)性,能自主決定是否貸款,是否申請(qǐng)政府擔(dān)保。 此外,美國(guó)政府和各地方銀行幾乎不對(duì)國(guó)外中小企業(yè)提供任何融資與貸款服務(wù)。想獲得其融資服務(wù),除非企業(yè)已經(jīng)成功在美國(guó)注冊(cè),并且這個(gè)企業(yè)的所有者是美國(guó)公民或獲得美國(guó)永久居住權(quán)的聯(lián)邦納稅人。 (2)對(duì)比中、美兩國(guó)中小企業(yè)融資結(jié)構(gòu) 美國(guó)中小企業(yè)和大企業(yè)都是通過股權(quán)融資和債務(wù)融資來獲得企業(yè)發(fā)展資金。%,%。通過對(duì)美國(guó)融資結(jié)構(gòu)分析和比較,我們可得到以下啟示: 在提高金融業(yè)專業(yè)化分工、大力發(fā)展中小金融機(jī)構(gòu)的同時(shí),中小企業(yè)的融資地位改變還有賴于非金融制度安排的創(chuàng)新。一方面,包括大企業(yè)在內(nèi)的制度創(chuàng)新是拓寬中小企業(yè)融資渠道的重要途徑。另一方面,金融制度創(chuàng)新的有效性,同樣有賴于實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)的制度創(chuàng)造。 與西方金融制度相對(duì)完善的國(guó)家相比,我國(guó)中小企業(yè)面臨的融資困境要比西方國(guó)家的中小企業(yè)更難,這不僅是中國(guó)金融機(jī)構(gòu)偏好的影響,還有諸多金融機(jī)構(gòu)自身原因。同時(shí),在市場(chǎng)體系、利率和收費(fèi)、抵押和擔(dān)保、金融業(yè)整合等方面,我國(guó)的市場(chǎng)和制度亟待完善。 我國(guó)中小企業(yè)的起步發(fā)展資金與國(guó)外相比有很大不足,在發(fā)展中經(jīng)常受到行業(yè)調(diào)整的限制。實(shí)際上,我國(guó)中小企業(yè)在信用等級(jí)評(píng)價(jià)體系中等級(jí)低下,很難獲得金融機(jī)構(gòu)的信任,這直接影響其貸款。我國(guó)中小企業(yè)要想在未來發(fā)展過程中解決融資困境,首要解決的問題是建立良好的誠(chéng)信。 再來看民間融資。雖然我國(guó)民間融資渠道有所拓寬,但還是很不通暢。市場(chǎng)化運(yùn)作的非正式或半正式金融融資模式還沒有完全發(fā)展起來,即使有些地區(qū)有所發(fā)展,也沒有走上正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的軌道。 (3)美國(guó)鼓勵(lì)中小企業(yè)發(fā)展的配套措施 由于中小企業(yè)是一國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中最活躍的成份,因而世界各國(guó)政府對(duì)中小企業(yè)的發(fā)展及融資問題非常重視,美國(guó)也不例外。為了鼓勵(lì)中小企業(yè)發(fā)展,美國(guó)政府采取的很多辦法值得借鑒。 建立健全扶持中小企業(yè)融資的法規(guī)。美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府為扶持中小企業(yè)的發(fā)展制定了法規(guī),用立法的形式規(guī)范中小企業(yè)的融資服務(wù)體系,包括:《中小企業(yè)法》、《中小企業(yè)投資法》、《中小企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策法》、《中小企業(yè)技術(shù)革新促進(jìn)法》、《小企業(yè)投資獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)法》、《小企業(yè)開發(fā)中心法》等。設(shè)立財(cái)政專項(xiàng)基金。財(cái)政專項(xiàng)基金是美國(guó)政府為使中小企業(yè)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)及社會(huì)發(fā)展的某些方面充分發(fā)揮作用而給予的財(cái)政援助。在美國(guó)主要有兩大類:政府財(cái)政針對(duì)專項(xiàng)科技成果的研究與開發(fā)基金、產(chǎn)品采購(gòu)基金、中小企業(yè)的創(chuàng)業(yè)基金、失業(yè)人口就業(yè)基金等可以鼓勵(lì)中小企業(yè)產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新和吸納就業(yè)。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)補(bǔ)償基金、財(cái)政專項(xiàng)基金(不同于財(cái)政直接補(bǔ)貼,它有嚴(yán)格的管理要求,需要在基金設(shè)立之前就必須明確資金的數(shù)量、用途、對(duì)象、支付方式和補(bǔ)貼方式)、特殊行業(yè)的再保險(xiǎn)基金等可以幫助中小企業(yè)降低市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 建立專門機(jī)構(gòu),為中小企業(yè)的融資提供擔(dān)保及援助。美國(guó)對(duì)中小企業(yè)進(jìn)行管理的部門是聯(lián)邦小企業(yè)管理局(SBA),在各州設(shè)有派出機(jī)構(gòu),作用是為小企業(yè)爭(zhēng)取平等的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)條件,服務(wù)于小企業(yè)這一經(jīng)濟(jì)群體。 美國(guó)政府對(duì)中小型企業(yè)的政策性貸款數(shù)量很少,政府主要通過聯(lián)邦小企業(yè)管理局制定宏觀調(diào)控政策,引導(dǎo)民間資本向中小企業(yè)投資。在美國(guó)近45年歷史中,小企業(yè)投資公司(隸屬于聯(lián)邦小企業(yè)管理局)通過14萬個(gè)投資項(xiàng)目向大約9萬家小企業(yè)提供了400億美元的資金,創(chuàng)造了大約100萬個(gè)新的工作崗位。 美國(guó)小企業(yè)投資公司前負(fù)責(zé)人唐A克里斯蒂森認(rèn)為,“中國(guó)應(yīng)該借鑒或嫁接美國(guó)的一些經(jīng)驗(yàn),如果能充分發(fā)揮小企業(yè)投資公司的作用,那么,中國(guó)的小企業(yè)一定會(huì)發(fā)展成為大中型企業(yè)?!? (4)美國(guó)中小企業(yè)融資結(jié)構(gòu) 股權(quán)融資: 主要所有者股權(quán)占所有者權(quán)益資產(chǎn)的2/3,%。 權(quán)益資產(chǎn)是“其他股權(quán)”,%。這部分股權(quán)擁有人主要是親戚和朋友。他們既不擁有大部分股權(quán),也不是企業(yè)重大決策人。 還有一種被人們稱為“天使資金”的股權(quán),%。“天使資金”是指中小企業(yè)在初創(chuàng)期,給中小企業(yè)直接提供一定發(fā)展資金的個(gè)人或家族,同時(shí)又為企業(yè)提供一定的管理意見和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 此外,就是“風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資”,這類投資,主要是投給中、小高科技企業(yè)。真正發(fā)展中的中小企業(yè)能獲得這類風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資,%。外來性資金所占比例并不高,%,但是投資的目的很清楚,就是鼓勵(lì)與促進(jìn)中小高科技企業(yè)發(fā)展。 債權(quán)融資: 來源于金融機(jī)構(gòu)提供的資金: %
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