【正文】 人民郵電出版社, 2000: 2689.[16] 薩師煊, 王珊. 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)概論[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社. 1991: 58198.附 錄譯文1 Structured Programming MethodStructured programming method:1. Topdown2. Gradually thinning3. Modular design4. Structured codingStructural design process from Dykstra (E. W. Dijkstra) in 1969 suggested that a modular design for the center. The development of the software system is divided into several independent modules, such a module to plete the work of each variable Simple and clear, it will give some of the larger design software a good foundation.As modules are independent, so we designed one module, other modules will not be involved, thus the original more plex issue of the SR modules for a range of simple design. Modules for the independence of the expansion of existing systems, the establishment of the new system bring a lot of convenience. These existing modules can act as the base.In accordance with the structure of the program design point of view, any algorithm functions can be adopted by the process modules of the three basic structure of the portfolio process: the order structure, the selection structure and the circulation structure.Structured program design is the basic idea of a “topdown, gradually refining” the program design methods and the “single entranceexit” of the control structure. Topdown, gradually refining the design process from the issue itself, through progressive refinement, the steps will divide the problem the basic process of deposition modules diagram of the structure of the process。 “single entranceexit” the ideological that a plex procedure, if it is only by the order, three basic choices and cycle through the process of position, a nest, then the procedures of this new structure must be a single exportimport procedures. Accordingly it is easy to prepare well structured and easy to debug procedures.結(jié)構(gòu)化程序設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)化程序設(shè)計(jì)方法包括四個(gè)部分：自頂向下逐步細(xì)化模塊化設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)化編碼結(jié)構(gòu)化程序設(shè)計(jì)由迪克斯特拉（E. W. Dijkstra）在1969年提出，是以模塊化設(shè)計(jì)為中心，將待開發(fā)的軟件系統(tǒng)劃分為若干個(gè)相互獨(dú)立的模塊，這樣使完成每一個(gè)模塊的工作變單純而明確，為設(shè)計(jì)一些較大的軟件打下了良好的基礎(chǔ)。由于模塊相互獨(dú)立，因此在設(shè)計(jì)其中一個(gè)模塊時(shí)，不會(huì)受到其它模塊的牽連，因而可將原來(lái)較為復(fù)雜的問題化簡(jiǎn)為一系列簡(jiǎn)單模塊的設(shè)計(jì)。模塊的獨(dú)立性還為擴(kuò)充已有的系統(tǒng)、建立新系統(tǒng)帶來(lái)了不少的方便，因?yàn)槲覀兛梢猿浞掷矛F(xiàn)有的模塊作積木式的擴(kuò)展。按照結(jié)構(gòu)化程序設(shè)計(jì)的觀點(diǎn)，任何算法功能都可以通過由程序模塊組成的三種基本程序結(jié)構(gòu)的組合：順序結(jié)構(gòu)、選擇結(jié)構(gòu)和循環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。結(jié)構(gòu)化程序設(shè)計(jì)的基本思想是采用“自頂向下，逐步求精”的程序設(shè)計(jì)方法和“單入口單出口”的控制結(jié)構(gòu)。自頂向下、逐步求精的程序設(shè)計(jì)方法從問題本身開始，經(jīng)過逐步細(xì)化，將解決問題的步驟分解為由基本程序結(jié)構(gòu)模塊組成的結(jié)構(gòu)化程序框圖；“單入口單出口”的思想認(rèn)為一個(gè)復(fù)雜的程序，如果它僅是由順序、選擇和循環(huán)三種基本程序結(jié)構(gòu)通過組合、嵌套構(gòu)成，那么這個(gè)新構(gòu)造的程序一定是一個(gè)單入口單出口的程序。據(jù)此就很容易編寫出結(jié)構(gòu)良好、易于調(diào)試的程序來(lái)。譯文2 Program Designing MethodProgramming is a method to study the subject, it is not only the study of the various specific ways, but also focusing on specific ways in mon, the overall situation involving a standardized approach, and these methods showed that the background and theoretical foundation. Another meaning is the system is for a particular area or a certain area of a particular type of problem, and it is the use of a set of specific procedures.As a subject (the first meaning), the programming method can give the program designers the specific procedures for design guide, but the specific programming method will affect the quality of the procedure designed by the designer. Therefore, the programming method of research is very important. As plete and specific programming meaning, such as the logic of programming methodology, functional process design methodology, targetstyle design methodology, and other procedures. They have their own advantages and disadvantages, with specific areas, specific issues and the specific environmentrelated. Program design methodology goal is to design a reliable and easy to read and reasonable price for the procedure. Program design methodologies, including procedures theory, developed technology to support environmental, engineering standards and design topics such as automatic procedures and make the design process more scientific and engineering. The basic elements are: structural design process。 procedures in the process of designing the application of technology and technical specifications and change. Theory and procedures for program design methodology is closely related to the development, it has enriched the thinking process, a process designed to promote technology development. Program design methodology and software also works closely related. The methodology can guide software development and maintenance. Software engineering design requires standardized procedures, the establishment of new principles and techniques. And a new method for the emergence also calls for the corresponding norms. Methods and tools are the same two sides of the issue. The research tools based on a methodology， tools and the successful development would affect the design process. Program design methodology involves procedures derived, prehensive procedures, procedures for design automation research, with program design, distributed programming, functional programming, semantics, logic, the formal specifications and axiomatic system.程序設(shè)計(jì)方法一種是以程序設(shè)計(jì)方法為研究對(duì)象的學(xué)科，它不僅研究各種具體的方法，而且著重研究各種具體方法的共性，涉及規(guī)范的全局性方法，以及這些方法的顯示背景和理論基礎(chǔ)；另外一種含義是針對(duì)某一領(lǐng)域或某一領(lǐng)域的一類特定問題，所用的一整套特定程序設(shè)計(jì)方法所構(gòu)成的體系。作為一門學(xué)科（第一種含義），程序設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)可對(duì)程序設(shè)計(jì)人員選用具體的程序設(shè)計(jì)方法起指導(dǎo)作用，而具體的程序設(shè)計(jì)方法對(duì)程序設(shè)計(jì)工作的質(zhì)量以及所設(shè)計(jì)出大程序的質(zhì)量影響巨大。因此，對(duì)程序設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)的研究是非常重要的。作為一套完整特定的程序設(shè)計(jì)方法所構(gòu)成的體系（第二種含義），如邏輯式程序設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)、函數(shù)式程序設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)、對(duì)象式程序設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)等。它們有各自的利弊得失、與具體領(lǐng)域，具體問題以及具體環(huán)境相關(guān)。程序設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)的目標(biāo)是能設(shè)計(jì)出可靠、易讀而且代價(jià)合理的程序。程序設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)包括程序理論、研制技術(shù)、支援環(huán)境、工程規(guī)范和自動(dòng)程序設(shè)計(jì)等課題，使程序設(shè)計(jì)更加科學(xué)化和工程化。其基本內(nèi)容是：結(jié)構(gòu)程序設(shè)計(jì)，程序理論在程序設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)中的應(yīng)用，以及規(guī)格說明和變換技術(shù)。程序理論與程序設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)的發(fā)展密切相關(guān)，它豐富了程序人員的思維方法，促進(jìn)了程序設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)的發(fā)展。程序設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)也與軟件工程關(guān)系密切。方法學(xué)對(duì)軟件的研制和維護(hù)起指導(dǎo)作用。軟件工程要求程序設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范化，建立新的原則和技術(shù)。而一種新的方法的出現(xiàn)，又要求制訂出相應(yīng)的規(guī)范。方法和工具是同一問題的兩個(gè)側(cè)面。工具的研究以方法學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)，而工具的研制成功又會(huì)影響程序設(shè)計(jì)。程序設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)還涉及程序推導(dǎo)、程序綜合、程序設(shè)計(jì)自動(dòng)化研究、并發(fā)程序設(shè)計(jì)、分布式程序設(shè)計(jì)、函數(shù)式程序設(shè)計(jì)、語(yǔ)義學(xué)、程序邏輯、形式化規(guī)格說明和公理化系統(tǒng)等課題