【正文】 增加社會總需求。65. In 1939, with the . economy not yet fully recovered from the Great Depression, President Roosevelt proclaimed that Thanksgiving would fall a week earlier than usual so that the shopping period before Christmas would be longer. Explain this decision, using the model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply.當(dāng)羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)宣布感恩前一周時，刺激了居民的消費支出，經(jīng)濟中對物品與勞務(wù)的需求會增加，產(chǎn)量從Y1增加到Y(jié)2，物價水平眾P1升至P2.《宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)》試卷B參考答案 property whereby the benefit from an extra unit of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases. rate at which a person can trade the currency of one country for the currency of another. offset in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raises the interest rate and thereby reduces investment spending. period of falling output and rising prices. in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action. rights are an important prerequisite for the price system to work in a market economy. If an individual or pany is not confident that claims over property or over the ine from property can be protected, or that contracts can be enforced, there will be little incentive for individuals to save, invest, or start new businesses. Likewise, there will be little incentive for foreigners to invest in the real or financial assets of the country. The distortion of incentives will reduce efficiency in resource allocation and will reduce saving and investment which in turn will reduce the standard of living.57. a. A municipal bond, because generally they have low credit risk and are not subject to federal ine tax. b. A junk bond. Because of their high risk, they have a high return. c. A corporate bond that isn39。t a junk bond. Because they have more risk than government bonds and have no special tax treatment, they pay moderate rates of return. National Bank of Me Assets Liabilities Reserves $800 Deposits $5,000 Loans $4,200 costs of inflation include shoeleather costs, the cost of reducing your money holdings to reduce your inflation tax。 menu costs, the costs of price adjustments。 the costs of resource misallocation that result from the relativeprice variability induced by inflation。 the costs of inflationinduced tax distortions。 the costs of confusion and inconvenience。 and the costs associated with the arbitrary redistribution of wealth that acpany unexpected inflation. in the text (or variations) include increased immigration, a decrease in the minimum wage, more generous unemployment insurance, an increase in the capital stock, an increase in the average level of education, a discovery of new mineral deposits, technology, and removal of barriers to international trade. graph.Over time technological advances cause the longrun aggregate supply curve to shift right. Increases in the money supply cause the aggregate demand curve to shift right. Output growth puts downward pressure on the price level, but money supply growth contributes to rising prices. wealth effect is not very important because it operates through changes in the real value of money, and money is only a small fraction of household wealth. So it is unlikely that changes in the price level will lead to large changes in consumption spending through this channel. The exchangerate effect is not very important in the United States because trade with other countries represents a relatively small fraction of . GDP.63. If the interest rate is above equilibrium, there is an excess supply of money. People with more money than they want to hold given the current interest rate deposit the money in banks and buy bonds. The increase in funds to lend out causes the interest rate to fall. As the interest rate falls, the quantity of money demanded increases, which tends to diminish the excess supply of money.64. a) 稅收減少增加了儲蓄的收益、減少了投資的成本，但稅收減少對儲蓄和投資的影響要視情況而定。儲蓄的增加取決于儲蓄的稅收彈性，如果儲蓄的稅收彈性大，則消費會大量減少，反之，消費不會減少許多；投資的增加也取決于投資的稅收彈性，如果投資的稅收彈性大，則投資會大量增加，反之，投資不會增加多少。它的總效應(yīng)不確定，這要看儲蓄的稅收效應(yīng)和投資的稅收效應(yīng)的大小。b) 貨幣供給的擴張減低了利率，利率下降意味著投資成本和消費下降，因而會刺激消費和投資增加，這是一種產(chǎn)生于利率變動的間接效應(yīng)。它的總效應(yīng)是增加社會總需求。65. 當(dāng)羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)宣布感恩前一周時，刺激了居民的消費支出，經(jīng)濟中對物品與勞務(wù)的需求會增加，產(chǎn)量從Y1增加到Y(jié)2，物價水平眾P1升至P2. 寧可累死在路上，也不能閑死在家里！寧可去碰壁，也不能面壁。是狼就要練好牙，是羊就要練好腿。什么是奮斗？奮斗就是每天很難，可一年一年卻越來越容易。不奮斗就是每天都很容易，可一年一年越來越難。能干的人，不在情緒上計較，只在做事上認(rèn)真；無能的人！不在做事上認(rèn)真，只在情緒上計較。拼一個春夏秋冬！贏一個無悔人生！早安！—————獻給所有努力的人.學(xué)習(xí)參考