【正文】 能干的人，不在情緒上計較，只在做事上認(rèn)真；無能的人！不在做事上認(rèn)真，只在情緒上計較。什么是奮斗？奮斗就是每天很難，可一年一年卻越來越容易。65. 當(dāng)羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)宣布感恩前一周時，刺激了居民的消費支出，經(jīng)濟(jì)中對物品與勞務(wù)的需求會增加，產(chǎn)量從Y1增加到Y(jié)2，物價水平眾P1升至P2. 寧可累死在路上，也不能閑死在家里！寧可去碰壁，也不能面壁。b) 貨幣供給的擴(kuò)張減低了利率，利率下降意味著投資成本和消費下降，因而會刺激消費和投資增加，這是一種產(chǎn)生于利率變動的間接效應(yīng)。儲蓄的增加取決于儲蓄的稅收彈性，如果儲蓄的稅收彈性大，則消費會大量減少，反之，消費不會減少許多；投資的增加也取決于投資的稅收彈性，如果投資的稅收彈性大，則投資會大量增加，反之，投資不會增加多少。 the costs of confusion and inconvenience。 the costs of resource misallocation that result from the relativeprice variability induced by inflation。t a junk bond. Because they have more risk than government bonds and have no special tax treatment, they pay moderate rates of return. National Bank of Me Assets Liabilities Reserves $800 Deposits $5,000 Loans $4,200 costs of inflation include shoeleather costs, the cost of reducing your money holdings to reduce your inflation tax。它的總效應(yīng)是增加社會總需求。它的總效應(yīng)不確定，這要看儲蓄的稅收效應(yīng)和投資的稅收效應(yīng)的大小。 b) an expansion of the money supply. a) 稅收減少增加了儲蓄的收益、減少了投資的成本，但稅收減少對儲蓄和投資的影響要視情況而定。 the costs of confusion and inconvenience。 the costs of resource misallocation that result from the relativeprice variability induced by inflation。t a junk bond. Because they have more risk than government bonds and have no special tax treatment, they pay moderate rates of return.58．Draw a simple Taccount for First National Bank of Me, which has $5,000 of deposits, a reserve ratio of 10 percent, and excess reserves of $300.First National Bank of Me Assets Liabilities Reserves $800 Deposits $5,000 Loans $4,20059．What are the costs of inflation?The costs of inflation include shoeleather costs, the cost of reducing your money holdings to reduce your inflation tax。t want to take very much risk.A municipal bond, because generally they have low credit risk and are not subject to federal ine tax. b. I want a high return and I am willing to take a lot of risk to get it. A junk bond. Because of their high risk, they have a high return. c. I want a decent return and I have enough deductions that I don39。s value based on available 36．According to the efficient markets hypothesis, stocks follow a random walk so that stocks that increase in price one year are more likely to increase than decrease in the next 37．In the United States, blacks and whites have similar labor force participation rates, but blacks have a higher unemployment 38．According to the theory of efficiency wages, firms operate more efficiently if they can pay wages that are below the equilibrium 39．In the months of November and December, people in the United States hold a larger part of their money in the form of currency because they intend to shop for the holidays. As a result, the money supply increases, ceteris 40．In the 1990s, . prices rose at about the same rate as in the 41．According to the theory of purchasingpower parity, the real exchange rate defined as foreign goods per unit of . goods will equal the domestic price level divided by the foreign price 42．Net capital outflow represents the quantity of dollars supplied in the foreigncurrency exchange 43．If policymakers impose import restrictions on automobiles, the . trade deficit would 44．Most economists believe that classical theory explains the world in the short run, but not the long 45．Because not all prices adjust instantly to changing conditions, an unexpected fall in the price level leaves some firms with higherthandesired prices, and these higherthandesired prices depress sales and induce firms to reduce the quantity of goods and services they 46．All explanations for the upward slope of the shortrun aggregate supply curve suppose that output supplied increases when the price level increases more than 47．Both the multiplier and the investment accelerator tend to make the aggregate demand curve shift farther than the increase in government 48．During recessions, the government tends to run a budget 49．If macroeconomic policy expands aggregate demand, unemployment will fall and inflation will rise in the short 50．The analysis of Friedman and Phelps argues that any change in inflation that is expected has no impact on the unemployment 得 分評卷人三、名詞解釋(每小題 2 分，共 10 分)51．diminishing returns: the property whereby the benefit from an extra unit of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases.52．nominal exchange rate: the rate at which a person can trade the currency of one country for the currency of another.53．crowdingout effect: the offset in aggregate demand that re