【正文】 here is no way to produce more of one good without producing less of the other. Point B represents an inefficient oute. For some reason, perhaps widespread unemployment, the economy is producing less than it could from the resources it has available: It is producing only 300 cars and 1,000 puters. If the source of the inefficiency were eliminated, the economy could move from point B to point A, increasing production of both cars (to 700) and puters (to 2,000).如果經(jīng)濟(jì)可以利用它所得到的全部稀缺資源，那么這個(gè)結(jié)果就是有效率的。生產(chǎn)可能性邊界上的點(diǎn)（而不是里面的點(diǎn)）代表了生產(chǎn)水平的有效性。當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)在這一點(diǎn)生產(chǎn)時(shí)，如A點(diǎn)，是沒有辦法實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)更多一種產(chǎn)品，除非少生產(chǎn)另一種產(chǎn)品。B點(diǎn)代表了一種無(wú)效的結(jié)果。由于某些原因，可能是大范圍的失業(yè)，經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)水平低于它能夠生產(chǎn)的水平。它僅能生產(chǎn)300輛車1000臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)。如果消除無(wú)效的資源，經(jīng)濟(jì)能夠從B點(diǎn)移到A點(diǎn)，增加汽車和計(jì)算機(jī)的產(chǎn)量。（汽車700輛，計(jì)算機(jī)2000臺(tái)）。One of the Ten Principles of Economics discussed in Chapter 1 is that people face tradeoffs. The production possibilities frontier shows one tradeoff that society faces. Once we have reached the efficient points on the frontier, the only way of getting more of one good is to get less of the other. When the economy moves from point A to point C, for instance, society produces more puters but at the expense of producing fewer cars.第一章討論的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理之一是人們面臨權(quán)衡。生產(chǎn)可能性邊界表明社會(huì)面臨的權(quán)衡。如果我們已經(jīng)達(dá)到邊際上的有效點(diǎn)，更多的生產(chǎn)一種產(chǎn)品的唯一方法是少生產(chǎn)另一種。例如，當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)從A點(diǎn)移到C點(diǎn)時(shí)，社會(huì)會(huì)生產(chǎn)更多的計(jì)算機(jī)，但是同時(shí)必須少生產(chǎn)汽車。Another of the Ten Principles of Economics is that the cost of something is what you give up to get it. This is called the opportunity cost. The production possibilities frontier shows the opportunity cost of one good as measured in terms of the other good. When society reallocates some of the factors of production from the car industry to the puter industry, moving the economy from point A to point C, it gives up 100 cars to get 200 additional puters. In other words, when the economy is at point A, the opportunity cost of 200 puters is 100 cars.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理的另一個(gè)是一些東西的成本是你為了得到這些東西而放棄的東西。這被成為機(jī)會(huì)成本。生產(chǎn)可能性邊界表明一種貨物的機(jī)會(huì)成本是以另一種貨物來(lái)衡量的。當(dāng)社會(huì)從汽車工業(yè)到計(jì)算機(jī)工業(yè)重新分配一些生產(chǎn)要素時(shí)，即從A點(diǎn)移到C的點(diǎn)，它放棄了100輛汽車，為了200臺(tái)額外的計(jì)算機(jī)。換句話說(shuō)，當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)在A點(diǎn)時(shí)，200臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)的機(jī)會(huì)成本是100輛汽車。Notice that the production possibilities frontier in Figure 22 is bowed outward. This means that the opportunity cost of cars in terms of puters depends on how much of each good the economy is producing. When the economy is using most of its resources to make cars, the production possibilities frontier is quite steep. Because even workers and machines best suited to making puters are being used to make cars, the economy gets a substantial increase in the number of puters for each car it gives up. By contrast, when the economy is using most of its resources to make puters, the production possibilities frontier is quite flat. In this case, the resources best suited to making puters are already in the puter industry, and each car the economy gives up yields only a small increase in the number of puters.請(qǐng)注意圖22中生產(chǎn)可能性邊界是向外凸的。這意味著，汽車及計(jì)算機(jī)的機(jī)會(huì)成本取決于經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)每個(gè)貨物的數(shù)量。當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)用它大部分資源來(lái)生產(chǎn)小汽車時(shí)，生產(chǎn)可能性邊界是很陡的。這是因?yàn)榧词棺钌瞄L(zhǎng)制造計(jì)算機(jī)的工人和機(jī)器來(lái)制造汽車，經(jīng)濟(jì)會(huì)在計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)量上得到相應(yīng)增加，為了它放棄的每輛汽車。相反，當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)用它大部分資源來(lái)生產(chǎn)計(jì)算機(jī)，生產(chǎn)可能性邊界則很平緩。在這種情況下，最擅長(zhǎng)制造計(jì)算機(jī)的資源已經(jīng)在計(jì)算機(jī)工業(yè)，經(jīng)濟(jì)放棄的每輛汽車僅僅增加生產(chǎn)很少數(shù)量的計(jì)算機(jī)。The production possibilities frontier shows the tradeoff between the production of different goods at a given time, but the tradeoff can change over time. For example, if a technological advance in the puter industry raises the number of puters that a worker can produce per week, the economy can make more puters for any given number of cars. As a result, the production possibilities frontier shifts outward, as in Figure 23. Because of this economic growth, society might move production from point A to point E, enjoying more puters and more cars.生產(chǎn)可能性邊界表明一定時(shí)期不同貨物之間生產(chǎn)的權(quán)衡，但是權(quán)衡會(huì)隨時(shí)間改變。例如，如果計(jì)算機(jī)工業(yè)技術(shù)的提高增加了工人每周能夠生產(chǎn)計(jì)算機(jī)的數(shù)量，在給定的汽車數(shù)量下，經(jīng)濟(jì)能夠制造更多的計(jì)算機(jī)。結(jié)果，生產(chǎn)可能性邊界向外移動(dòng)，如圖23。由于經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，社會(huì)可能將生產(chǎn)量從A點(diǎn)移到E點(diǎn)，偏好更多的計(jì)算機(jī)和小汽車。 The production possibilities frontier simplifies a plex economy to highlight and clarify some basic ideas. We have used it to illustrate some of the concepts mentioned briefly in Chapter 1: scarcity, efficiency, tradeoffs, opportunity cost, and economic growth. As you study economics, these ideas will recur in various forms. The production possibilities frontier offers one simple way of thinking about them.生產(chǎn)可能性邊界簡(jiǎn)化了復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)，而強(qiáng)調(diào)并將一些基本思想分類。我們已經(jīng)用它來(lái)解釋第一章提到的一些概念：稀缺性、有效性、權(quán)衡、機(jī)會(huì)成本以及經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。當(dāng)你學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)時(shí)，這些思想將會(huì)以不同的形式再次出現(xiàn)。生產(chǎn)可能性邊界提供了一種簡(jiǎn)單的方式來(lái)思考他們。Figure 22THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES FRONTIER. The production possibilities frontier shows the binations of output—in this case, cars and puters—that the economy can possibly produce. The economy can produce any bination on or inside the frontier. Points outside the frontier are not feasible given the economy’s resources.生產(chǎn)可能性邊界。生產(chǎn)可能性邊界展示了經(jīng)濟(jì)能夠生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)量的組合，在這種情況下，產(chǎn)量是汽車和計(jì)算機(jī)。經(jīng)濟(jì)能夠生產(chǎn)邊界上的以及邊界里面的任何一種組合。在給定經(jīng)濟(jì)資源的條件下，邊界線外面的所有點(diǎn)都是不可行的。Figure 23A SHIFT IN THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES FRONTIER. An economic advance in the puter industry shifts the production possibilities frontier outward, increasing the number of cars and puters the economy can produce.生產(chǎn)可能性邊界的移動(dòng)。計(jì)算機(jī)工業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)提高使生產(chǎn)可能性邊界向外移動(dòng)，使經(jīng)濟(jì)能夠生產(chǎn)的汽車和計(jì)算機(jī)的數(shù)量增加。1. 若不給自己設(shè)限，則人生中就沒有限制你發(fā)揮的藩籬。2. 若不是心寬似海，哪有人生風(fēng)平浪靜。在紛雜的塵世里，為自己留下一片純靜的心靈空間，不管是潮起潮落，也不管是陰晴圓缺，你都可以免去浮躁，義無(wú)反顧，勇往直前，輕松自如地走好人生路上的每一步3. 花一些時(shí)間，總會(huì)看清一些事。用一些事情，總會(huì)看清一些人。有時(shí)候覺得自己像個(gè)神經(jīng)病。既糾結(jié)了自己，又打擾了別人。努力過(guò)后，才知道許多事情，堅(jiān)持堅(jiān)持，就過(guò)來(lái)了。4. 歲月是無(wú)情的，假如你丟給它的是一片空白，它還給你的也是一片空白。歲月是有情的，假如你奉獻(xiàn)給她的是一些色彩，它奉獻(xiàn)給你的也是一些色彩。你必須努力，當(dāng)有一天驀然回首時(shí)，你的回憶里才會(huì)多一些色彩斑斕，少一些蒼白無(wú)力。只有你自己才能把歲月描畫成一幅難以忘懷的人生畫卷。