【正文】 employed, for the hungry。 programs to get people back to work. They built dams and highways and national parks. At the same time they instituted a program of regulating capitalism in a way that had never been done before, in order to protect people from what they saw as the recklessness of the unfettered market. ：對(duì)羅斯福和他的新政來(lái)說(shuō)，這是一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。他們?cè)诤痛笫挆l作戰(zhàn)，以狂烈的行動(dòng)作為回應(yīng)－救濟(jì)失業(yè)者和挨餓者，讓人們重新回到工作崗位上。他們修建水壩、公路和國(guó)家公園。同時(shí)，他們制定了一項(xiàng)計(jì)劃，該計(jì)劃將以前所未有的方式對(duì)資本主義進(jìn)行調(diào)控，以保護(hù)人們免受自由市場(chǎng)無(wú)序發(fā)展所帶來(lái)的傷害。NARRATOR: Privately, Roosevelt feared the market system had failed, so he created an entire alphabet of new agencies to regulate banks, the stock market, capitalism itself. New headquarters built for the Interstate Commerce Commission celebrated government regulation, which reined in market forces and curbed capitalism. Under the New Deal, industry became subject to a host of new rules and regulations. 旁白：私下里，羅斯福對(duì)市場(chǎng)體體制的失敗感到恐懼，因此他創(chuàng)立了一整套新機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)管理銀行、股票市場(chǎng)和資本主義制度本身。為國(guó)內(nèi)運(yùn)輸管理委員會(huì)修建的新總部建成，慶祝方式就是發(fā)布政府規(guī)章。新政實(shí)施后，企業(yè)要受到一系列新規(guī)則和規(guī)章制度的約束。DANIEL YERGIN: And the airline industry was a very good example of that. You had people go into this business, be very petitive, they39。d go bankrupt. New people would e in, they would go bankrupt. It was very unstable, so the New Deal stepped in and said, We39。re going to stabilize this industry. We39。re going to set the prices that you can charge for tickets. We39。re going to tell you what routes you can fly. And with that system they eliminated these very vicious cycles of boom and bust in the aviation industry, and in a sense, that was what they were aiming to do throughout the American economy. ：航空業(yè)是一個(gè)很好的例子。企業(yè)進(jìn)入這個(gè)行業(yè)，然后激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，然后破產(chǎn)；新的企業(yè)再進(jìn)來(lái)，然后又破產(chǎn)；整個(gè)行業(yè)非常不穩(wěn)定。因此新政插手這個(gè)行業(yè)，“我們要穩(wěn)定這個(gè)行業(yè)，設(shè)定機(jī)票價(jià)格，規(guī)定各公司能夠經(jīng)營(yíng)的航線?！蓖ㄟ^(guò)這種方法，他們消除了航空業(yè)中繁榮－破產(chǎn)的惡性循環(huán)。在某種意義上，這也是他們對(duì)整個(gè)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的目標(biāo)。Onscreen title: Cambridge University, 1936 字幕標(biāo)題：劍橋大學(xué)，1936年NARRATOR: In 1936 John Maynard Keynes finally published his General Theory, a brilliant analysis of how to fight the Depression. By showing governments that it was possible to manage their economies, Keynes made himself the most influential economist of the age. 旁白：1936年，凱恩斯的《通論》終于出版了，這本書(shū)對(duì)如何與蕭條作斗爭(zhēng)進(jìn)行了才華橫溢的分析。凱恩斯告訴各國(guó)政府對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)行管理是可能的，這使他成為那個(gè)時(shí)代最有影響的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家。ROBERT SKIDELSKY: Keynes39。s solution to unemployment was for the government to spend the money to restore and maintain full employment. ROBERT SKIDELSKY：凱恩斯解決失業(yè)問(wèn)題的方案是擴(kuò)大政府開(kāi)支以恢復(fù)和保持充分就業(yè)。NARRATOR: Governments, said Keynes, should spend against the wind. In good times they should reduce their spending and build surpluses。 in bad times, like the Great Depression, they should step up spending, run deficits, and put purchasing power into the hands of working people. 旁白：凱恩斯認(rèn)為政府開(kāi)支應(yīng)該逆風(fēng)而行。繁榮時(shí)期政府應(yīng)該削減支出和進(jìn)行儲(chǔ)備；困難時(shí)期，比如大蕭條時(shí)期，政府應(yīng)該逐步增加支出，實(shí)行赤字財(cái)政，讓勞動(dòng)者有購(gòu)買(mǎi)力。ROBERT SKIDELSKY: He gave people hope that unemployment could be cured without concentration camps. ROBERT SKIDELSKY：他給了人們希望－失業(yè)問(wèn)題是可以克服的。NARRATOR: Harvard University became an intellectual bridgehead for Keynes in America. John Kenneth Galbraith was one of Keynes39。s leading apostles. 旁白：哈佛大學(xué)成為凱恩斯在美國(guó)的學(xué)術(shù)橋頭堡。John Kenneth Galbraith是他最主要的追隨者。JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH, Professor Emeritus, Harvard University: I39。ve said many times I think had something, maybe quite a bit, to do with bringing Keynes across the Atlantic. I came back to find a whole group of people here who had also read The General Theory, and this was a breath of hope and optimism. JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH，哈佛大學(xué)榮譽(yù)退休教授：我曾多次說(shuō)過(guò)我認(rèn)為把凱恩斯主義帶到大西洋彼岸這件事與我有很大的關(guān)系。我回來(lái)后發(fā)現(xiàn)這兒有許許多多人已經(jīng)看過(guò)《通論》，這是充滿希望和樂(lè)觀主義的。NARRATOR: Keynes39。s ideas trickled down from Harvard to Washington, turning the federal government39。s conventional economic policies upside down. 旁白：凱恩斯的思想從哈佛傳到華盛頓，完全改變了聯(lián)邦政府傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策。JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH: You resisted conservative finance, borrowed money, and hired people across the country, rescuing them from unemployment. That was the basic essential and that you didn39。t worry about accumulating debt, or, more precisely, you worried about it, but did it anyway. JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH：你反對(duì)保守的財(cái)政政策，借錢(qián)來(lái)雇傭全國(guó)各地的人工作，使他們不致失業(yè)。這是基本要點(diǎn)，而你不擔(dān)心負(fù)債的問(wèn)題，或者更確切地說(shuō)，你擔(dān)心負(fù)債問(wèn)題，但無(wú)論如何你還是要這樣做。NARRATOR: Keynes39。s ideas began to gain ground. 講述者：凱恩斯的思想開(kāi)始普及。Chapter 6: Worldwide War [7:00]第六章：世界大戰(zhàn)Onscreen title: World War II, 1941 字幕標(biāo)題：第二次世界大戰(zhàn)，1941年NARRATOR: It took a world war for Keynesianism to bee government policy. As the . government borrowed money and pumped it into the war effort, high unemployment ended, and the Depression disappeared. 旁白：經(jīng)過(guò)世界大戰(zhàn)，凱恩斯理論變成了政府政策。隨著美國(guó)政府大舉借債并將資金用于備戰(zhàn)，高失業(yè)率的狀況得到改觀，大蕭條也結(jié)束了。NEWSREEL NARRATOR: ... men and women to make the uniforms。 machinists to make the guns and ammunition。 auto workers to produce the jeeps and trucks, to build the ships and tanks。 civilian soldiers to turn out the fighters, the bombers. 新聞片旁白：……男人和女人做制服；機(jī)械師造槍炮彈藥；汽車(chē)工人生產(chǎn)吉普和卡車(chē)，建造艦船和坦克。NARRATOR: In charge of wartime wage and price controls, John Kenneth Galbraith saw the economy rebound. 旁白：負(fù)責(zé)戰(zhàn)時(shí)工資和價(jià)格控制的John Kenneth Galbraith看到了經(jīng)濟(jì)的反彈。JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH: One could not have had a better demonstration of the Keynesian ideas, and I think it39。s fair to say that as a young Keynesian in Washington, in touch with the other Keynesians there, we all saw that very clearly at the time. JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH：這是凱恩斯理論的最好實(shí)證。我想可以很公正地說(shuō)，作為當(dāng)時(shí)在華盛頓的年輕凱恩斯主義者－與那里的其他凱恩斯主義者也有聯(lián)系，我們那時(shí)都清楚地看到了這一實(shí)證。NARRATOR: In a radio broadcast, Keynes expressed his hope that what worked in war would work in peace. 旁白：凱恩斯在無(wú)線電廣播中表達(dá)了他的希望：戰(zhàn)時(shí)起作用的，在和平時(shí)期也起作用。JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES: If expenditure on armaments really does cure unemployment, a grand experiment has begun. Good may e out of evil. We may learn a trick or two which will e in useful when the day of peace es. 凱恩斯：如果軍備支出確實(shí)克服了失業(yè)問(wèn)題，那么一個(gè)更重大的試驗(yàn)開(kāi)始了。好事可能來(lái)自于邪惡。我們可以從中學(xué)到一或兩個(gè)竅門(mén)，這在和平時(shí)期遲早用的上。Onscreen title: London, 1944 字幕標(biāo)題：倫敦，1944年NARRATOR: Now teaching at the London School of Economics, Hayek feared that Keynes39。s brave new world was a big step in the wrong direction. He attacked the growing consensus by writing The Road to Serfdom. Sarc