【正文】 of 6%. The drop by about 60 TWh correspondsto the average annual generation of ten reactors。 or to more than what two thirds of the countriesthat operate atomic plants generate individually. The major influencing factors included: the sevenunits at Kashiwasaki in Japan that have remained shut down ever since a severe earthquake shookthe region in July 2007。 up to six German reactors that were off grid simultaneously for majorrepairs。 and numerous French reactors that had to undergo inspections and maintenance after ageneric problem was identified in the steam generators. The latter issue is expected to cost theFrench nuclear fleet another 23% on its average load factor in 2008 and 2009. Global nucleargeneration did not recover in 2008 and lost another half percentage point over the 2007 level.Though the big six nuclear generators, the USA, France, Japan, Germany, Russia and SouthKorea, still generated about two thirds of the world39。s nuclear electricity in 2007 and 2008, thefigure was down from three fourths in previous years.. Overview of Operation, Power Generation, Age DistributionThere have been two major waves of grid connections since the beginning of the mercialnuclear age in the middle of the 1950s (see Graph 1). A first wave peaked in 1974 with 26 reactor?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????7 Mycle Schneider, “The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2008”, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,NovemberDecember 2008, statusreport.Mycle Schneider with Antony Froggatt, “The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2007”, missioned bythe GreensEFA in the European Parliament, BrusselsParisLondon, January 2008。 French Version February2008。 Italian, Spanish Versions April 2008, @ .Earlier versions were released in 2004 by the GreensEFA Group in the European Parliament and in 1992jointly by World Watch Institute, Washington, Greenpeace International and WISEParis.8See M.?Schneider,?S.?Thomas,?A.?Froggatt,?D.?Koplow??????????????????World?Nuclear?Industry?Status?Report?2009?????????8?startups. The second one reached the historical record in 1984 and 1985, the years preceding theChernobyl accident in 1986, with 33 grid connections each year. By the end of the 1980s theuninterrupted net increase of operating units had ceased, and in 1990 for the first time the numberof reactor shutdowns outweighed the number of startups.Graph 1: Nuclear Power Reactor Grid Connections and Shutdowns169。 Mycle Schneider ConsultingSource: IAEAPRIS9, MSC, 2009Graph 2: The World Nuclear Reactor Fleet169。 Mycle Schneider ConsultingSource: IAEAPRIS, MSC, 2009?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????9The IAEA Database PRIS (Power Reactor Information System):????????9?M.?Schneider,?S.?Thomas,?A.?Froggatt,?D.?Koplow??????????????????World?Nuclear?Industry?Status?Report?2009?As of 1st August 2009, a total of 435 nuclear reactors were operating (nine fewer than 2002) in31 countries, with a total capacity of 370 gigawatts (thousand megawatts) (see Graph 3 andAnnex 1 for details). 2008 was the first year in the history of mercial nuclear power that nonew nuclear plant came The historical peak of 294 operating reactors in Western Europeand North America was reached as early as 1989. In fact, the decline of the ‘established’ nuclearindustry, unnoticed by the public, started many years ago.The IAEA is required to publish data that is provided by member states, and this can sometimesgenerate data anomalies. A few years back, the Agency created a new reactor category of “l(fā)ongterm shutdown” to add to its existing characterizations of “in operation” and “under construction”.However, a reactor that is listed in the category as operating does not necessarily generateelectricity and long term shutdown can be very long. This results in a number of serious statisticalproblems that can be illustrated for the year 2008: ? Five units are officially in “l(fā)ong term shutdown” mode, including four in Canada and one in Japan. The Canadian units have not generated power since 1995 (Bruce1) and 1997 (Bruce2, Pickering2 and 3) respectively. Likewise the Japanese Monju fast breeder reactor has been shut down ever since sodium leak and fire in 1995. ? At least 17 units that were listed by the IAEA as “in operation” did not generate any power in 2008. Of these, ten are in Japan, four in India, two in Germany and one in the UK. Thirteen reactors have been out of service for over one year, one for over two years, two for over four years and one has not generated any power since 2001 (see Table 1). In fact, Chubu Electric, operator of two reactors at Hamaoka in Japan, on 22 December 2008, officially announced its decision to terminate operations “since it would not be economical to restart them”.11The installed capacity increased slightly in previous years. This has primarily occurred throughtechnical alterations at existing plants, a process known as uprating. According to the WorldNuclear Association (WNA), in the USA the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has approved124 uprates since 1977, a few of them extended uprates of up to 20%. As a result an additional gigawatts were added to the nuclear capacity in the USA Table 1: Reactors “in operation” that did not generate any power in 2008CountryStation NameGermany Brunsb252。ttel (KKB) Kr252。mmel (KKK)2 Productionno production in 2008no production in 2008no production in 2008no production after 2004no production in 2008no production in 20084IndiaNarora2Rajasthan1Rajasthan2Rajasthan3Hamaoka1Hamaoka2Kashiwazaki Kariwa1Kashiwazaki Kariwa 2Kashiwazaki Kariwa 3Kashiwazaki Kariwa 4Kashiwazaki Kariwa 5Kashiwazaki Kariwa 6Kashiwazaki Kariwa 7Sh