【正文】 cavity flow behavior of the research. Further deepen the theoretical basis and the plastic molding technology principle of study so as to improve molding process methods, molding and shaping equipments.2. The plastic molding method innovation for some new plastic and some have special requirements, the old plastic parts molding method has no longer apply. Therefore, in recent years appeared a lot of new methods, such as the plastic molding materials without port coagulation thermosetting plastic injection molding, the injection molding, low foam injection molding, exhaust injection molding, flow injection molding, power molten injection molding, gasassisted injection molding and many varieties of plastic injection molding, casting of plastic molding, plastic powder sintering molding etc.3. Plastic pieces of precision, miniaturization and superlarge change in order to meet various departments of national economy of plastic parts of precision, miniaturization and super operating requirements of high precision mould, miniature and large mold developed, small size and type of plastic molding equipment also constantly emerging, for example, Germany injection quantity developed only g miniature injection machine. Can produce g a miniature plastic products around. Domestic manufacturing of gram39。s injection machine and can produce about g a miniature plastic products (such as watch shaft, etc.).Mold is molded parts of one of important technical equipment production. Mould with its particular shape through certain way makes raw material molding. Different plastic forming methods using different molding technology and principle and structure characteristics and not the same plastic mould. Plastics quality fit and unfit quality and production efficiency, mould factors account for 80%. A pair of good quality injection mould can molding millions of times, pression modulus can produce about 250,000, these all made with mold design and has a great relationship. In the modern plastics production, reasonable moulding technology, efficient molding equipment, advanced plastic mould and manufacturing technology is indispensable factors, especially plastic mould to realize plastic processing technology requirements, the use of plastic parts requirement and modelling design plays an important role. Efficient automatic equipment also only loaded on to automate production mold just may exert its effectiveness, the production and the update is mold design and manufacturing and updated as the prerequisite. As the national economy in all areas of the department of plastic parts demand varieties and yield increasing, products renewal cycle increasingly short, users to the requirements of the quality of plastic parts increasingly high, so for mould design and manufacturing cycle and quality put forward higher request, prompting plastic mold design and manufacturing technology evolving development, thus pushing the plastic industrial production and highspeed development, say, mould design and manufacture level marks a national industrialization development degree.附錄六 中文翻譯模具設(shè)計制造的發(fā)展塑料工業(yè)是世界上增長最快的工業(yè)之一。自1909年實現(xiàn)以純粹化學(xué)合成方法生產(chǎn)塑料算起，塑料工業(yè)已有90余年的歷史。1927年聚氯乙烯塑料問世以來，隨著高分子化學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，各種性能的塑料，特別是聚酰胺、聚甲醛、ABS、聚碳酸酯、聚砜、聚苯醚、氟塑料等工程塑料發(fā)展迅速，其速度超過了聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯與聚苯乙烯等四種通用塑料，使塑件在工業(yè)產(chǎn)品與生活用品方面獲得廣泛的應(yīng)用，以塑料代替金屬的實例，比比皆是。塑料有著一系列金屬所不及的優(yōu)點，諸如：重量輕、耐腐蝕、電氣絕緣性好、易于造型、生產(chǎn)效率高與成本低廉等。但也存在許多自身的缺陷，諸如：抗老化性、耐熱性、抗靜電性、耐燃性及比機械強度低于金屬。但隨著高分子合成技術(shù)、材料改性技術(shù)及成型工藝的進(jìn)步，愈來愈多的具有優(yōu)異性能的塑料高分子材料不斷涌現(xiàn)，從而促使塑料工業(yè)飛躍發(fā)展。 塑料的種類增多，新的工程塑料品種的增加，塑料成型設(shè)備、成型工藝技術(shù)和模具技術(shù)水平的發(fā)展，為塑件的應(yīng)用開拓了廣闊的領(lǐng)域。目前，塑件已深入到國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的各個部門中。特別是在辦公機器、照相機、汽車、儀器儀表、機械制造、航空、交通、通信、輕工、建材業(yè)產(chǎn)品、日用品以及家用電器行業(yè)中的零件塑料化的趨勢不斷加強，并且陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)全塑產(chǎn)品。據(jù)報道，美國塑料工業(yè)已變?yōu)槿赖谒膫€最大的工業(yè)，每年的塑料消耗量已經(jīng)超過鋼材。在全世界按照體積和重量計算塑件的消耗量也超過了鋼材。我國的塑料工業(yè)發(fā)展也很快，特別是近20年，產(chǎn)量和品種都大大增加，許多新穎的工程塑料也已投入批量生產(chǎn)。，居世界第四位。如今，我國塑料工業(yè)已形成了相當(dāng)規(guī)模的完整體系，它包括塑料的生產(chǎn)，成型加工，塑料機械設(shè)備，模具加工以及科研、人才培養(yǎng)等。塑料工業(yè)在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的各個部門中發(fā)揮了愈來愈大的作用。 隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步與國民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對塑件的廣泛需求，塑料模塑成型技術(shù)正在向高精度、高效率與長壽命的方向邁進(jìn)。由于它是一項綜合性技術(shù)，所以它的發(fā)展必然涉及許多領(lǐng)域的共同配合。 1. 塑料成型理論的進(jìn)展 塑料在充模過程中的各種流變行為的研究不斷深入；有關(guān)擠出成型的流變理論和數(shù)學(xué)模型已經(jīng)基本上建立，并且已在生產(chǎn)實際中得到應(yīng)用；有關(guān)注射成型的流變理論尚在進(jìn)行探討；注射成型的塑料熔體在一維和二維簡單模腔中的充模流動理論和數(shù)學(xué)模型已經(jīng)有所解決，今后的工作是如何將理論與生產(chǎn)實際相結(jié)合，進(jìn)一步加強對塑料熔體在三維模腔中流動行為的研究。進(jìn)一步加深塑料成型理論基礎(chǔ)和工藝原理的研究借以改進(jìn)成型工藝方法、成型模具和成型設(shè)備。 2. 塑料成型方法的革新 對于一些新型塑料和一些具有特殊要求的塑件，舊的成型方法已不再適用。因此，近年來出現(xiàn)了許多新型的塑料成型方法，如無流道凝料的注射成型、熱固性塑料的注射成型、低發(fā)泡注射成型、排氣注射成型、流動注射成型、動力熔融注射成型、氣體輔助注射成型以及多品種塑料的共注射成型、鑄塑成型、塑料粉末燒結(jié)成型等。 3. 塑件的精密化、微型化和超大型化 為了滿足國民經(jīng)濟(jì)各個部門對塑件的精密化、微型化和超大型化的使用要求，高精度模具、微型和大型模具得到發(fā)展，小型和新型的塑料成型設(shè)備亦不斷涌現(xiàn)，例如。，（如手表軸等）。 模具是塑件生產(chǎn)的重要工藝裝備之一。模具以其特定的形狀通過一定的方式使原料成型。不同的塑料成型方法使用著不同的模塑工藝和原理及結(jié)構(gòu)特點及不相同的塑料模具。塑件質(zhì)量的優(yōu)劣及生產(chǎn)效率的高低，模具因素占80%。一副質(zhì)量好的注射?？梢猿尚蜕习偃f次，壓縮模大約可以生產(chǎn)25萬件，這些都同模具設(shè)計和制造有很大的關(guān)系。在現(xiàn)代塑件生產(chǎn)中，合理的模塑工藝、高效的模塑設(shè)備、先進(jìn)的塑料模具和制造技術(shù)是必不可少的因素，尤其是塑料模具對實現(xiàn)塑料加工工藝要求、塑件的使用要求和造型設(shè)計起著重要的作用。高效的全自動設(shè)備也只有裝上能自動化生產(chǎn)的模具才可能發(fā)揮其效能，產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)和更新都是以模具的設(shè)計制造和更新為前提。隨著國民經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的各個部門對塑件的品種和產(chǎn)量需求愈來愈大、產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代周期愈來愈短、用戶對塑件質(zhì)量的要求愈來愈高，因而對模具設(shè)計與制造的周期和質(zhì)量提出了更高的要求，促使塑料模具設(shè)計和制造技術(shù)不斷向前發(fā)展，從而也推動了塑料工業(yè)生產(chǎn)高速發(fā)展，可以說，模具設(shè)計與制造水平標(biāo)志著一個國家工業(yè)化發(fā)展的程度。