【導(dǎo)讀】出版社：中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社

　　

【正文】 ayers of culture within nations. 3. Edward T. Hall39。s Model ?Human munication is dependent on the context in which it occurs. ?Communicative contexts include the physical, sociological, and psychological environments. ?High and Lowcontext cultures Highcontext Culture: other projects,:zqIF50139。H8R30 ?In highcontext messages, meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliation). ?Examples of highcontext cultures include Chinese, Japanese, Middle Easterners, etc. Lowcontext Culture: ?In lowcontext messages, the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code. ?Examples of lowcontext cultures include English, North American, German, etc. 例子： 一個(gè)德國(guó)人，一個(gè)美國(guó)人，一個(gè)日本人到同一家餐廳，都點(diǎn)了一個(gè)漢堡，結(jié)果由于廚師的疏忽把三個(gè)漢 堡中的肉都烤糊了，問，三個(gè)人會(huì)對(duì)此說什么？ 31 ?HighContext Cultures Japanese Chinese Korean African American Native American Arab Greek Latin Italian English French American Scandinavian German GermanSwiss other projects,:zqIF50139。H8R32 ?LowContext Cultures How highcontext and lowcontext affect intercultural munication ?Lack of enough data, people from lowcontext cultures often feel unfortable with the vagueness and ambiguity and will ask very blunt, unappropriate questions, which will make highcontext culture members bee impatient and irritated. ?People in highcontext cultures perceive lowcontext people less credible. ?Conflicts are differently perceived and responded to. highcontext: discreetly and subtly Lowcontext: directly spell it out Session 3 Intercultural Verbal Communication What sets humankind apart from other animals is______________ ____________________________ ______________________ ?Language is important to human activity because it is how we reach out to make contact with others. ?人類區(qū)別于動(dòng)物的最大特征是創(chuàng)造和使用語言的能力。 33 What is language? ?Language is a set of symbols and the rules for bining those symbols that are used and understood by a large munity to people. ?A language is a symbolic code of munication consisting of a set of sounds (phoics) with understood meanings and a set of rules (grammar) for constructing messages. ?語言是人類特有的用來表情達(dá)意的工具，有語音、詞匯和語法構(gòu)成。 Cultural Literacy: Turkey (Case study) An American magazine editor was hosting a group of Chinese when one of them said, ―Please explain what is a turkey.‖ The editor launched into a lengthy explanation of the ungainly American bird that has bee the centerpiece at American Thanksgiving tables. Then, of course, he had to explain about the American holiday, Thanksgiving. The Chinese waited patiently and then replied, ―Well, I still don‘t understand what is meant when you Americans say ?Come on, you turkey. Let‘s get moving.‘‖ Turkey ?1 （ a） [C] large bird reared to be eaten, esp at Christmas 吐綬雞 。 other projects,:zqIF50139。H8R34 火雞 . ?（ b） [U] its flesh as food （食用的）火雞肉 : ★ a slice of roast turkey 一片烤火雞肉 . ?2 [C] (US sl 俚 ) failure。 flop 失敗 。 失敗的人或事物 : ★ His last movie was a real turkey. 他最后的那部影片一塌糊涂 . Turkey ? talk `turkey (infml 口 esp US) talk frankly and bluntly 說話坦率 . ?cold `turkey (sl 俚 esp US) （ a） way of treating a drug addict by suddenly stopping all his doses of the drug instead of gradually reducing them 使有毒癮者突然停用毒品而不是逐漸減少劑量的處理方法 . （ b） frank statement of the truth, often about sth unpleasant 直言不諱 。 照實(shí)說 : ★ talk cold turkey to/with sb 對(duì) [與 ]某人直言不諱 . Items with different cultural meanings Bomb: Items with different cultural meanings Table: 35 Joke appreciation ?A British old lady went to an American hotel for her holiday. She called the receptionist to arrange a morning call. ―Could you please wake me up at 6:00 tomorrow morning?‖ ―Sure, I will knock you up then.‖ The woman ran into rage and shouted, ―I beg your pardon?‖ Which is British? Which is American? ?No dogs allowed. ?Video controlled. ?Please keep Hands Off Door. ?We regret that in the interest of hygiene dogs are not allowed on these premises. Which is British? Which is American? ?Notice: In the interest of our regular customers these premises are now equipped with central security closed circuit television. ?Obstructing the door causes delay and can be dangerous. ?There is just one thing in all that you have been saying that worries me a little. Why so? other projects,:zqIF50139。H8R36 You Americans do not even know who your grandfather is! ?Language and Memory Look at the following pictures. Try to find out what they are. Curtain Hat Two language is influenced by people‘s perception of the world SapirWhorf Hypothesis 薩丕爾－沃爾夫假說 ?Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has bee the medium of expression for their society. … The real world is to a large extent unconsciously built up on the language habits of the group. No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. (Sapir,1931) 薩丕爾－沃爾夫 ?… that the linguistic system (in other words, the grammar) of each language is not merely a reproducing instrument for voicing ideas but rather is itself the shaper of ideas, the program and guide for the individual‘s mental activity, for his analysis of impression, for his synthesis of his mental stock in trade … 37 (Whorf, 1952) 薩丕爾－沃爾夫假說 ?語言反過來對(duì)文化和思維也產(chǎn)生影響。最早提出語言對(duì)思