【正文】 who is best equipped to repair it.　　[B] Each ponent of an automobile — for example,the engine or the fuel tank — has a shape that has been scientifically determined to be best suited to that ponent39。39。s function.　　[C] A telephone is a plex instrument designed by technologists using only nonverbal thought.　　[D] The distinctive features of a suspension bridge reflect its designer39。39。s conceptualization as well as the physical requirements of its site.　　 of the following statements would best serve as an introduction to the text？　　[A] The assumption that the knowledge incorporated in technological developments must be derived from science ignores the many nonscientific decisions made by technologists.　　[B] Analytical thought is no longer a vital ponent in the success of technological development.　　[C] As knowledge of technology has increased,the tendency has been to lose sight of the important role played by scientific thought in making decisions about form,arrangement,and texture.　　[D] A movement in engineering colleges toward a technician39。39。s degree reflects a demand for graduates who have the nonverbal reasoning ability that was once mon among engineers.　　 author calls the predicament faced by the Historic American Engineering Record paradoxical (line 6,paragraph 3) most probably because　　[A] the publication needed drawings that its own staff could not make.　　[B] architectural schools offered but did not require engineering design courses for their students.　　[C] college students were qualified to make the drawings while practicing engineers were not.　　[D] engineering students were not trained to make the type of drawings needed to record the development of their own discipline.　　[考點(diǎn)解析]　　1.「答案」B　　「考點(diǎn)解析」這是一道中心主旨題。本題的正確答案信息點(diǎn)在原文第一段的倒數(shù)第二句，該句強(qiáng)調(diào)“nonverbal thinking”的重要性?！　?.「答案」A　　「考點(diǎn)解析」這是一道反推題。根據(jù)題干中的“engineering curricula”可將本題的正確答案信息來(lái)源確定在原文的第三段第一句。該句中“should”一詞的理解十分重要?！皊hould”是“應(yīng)該做”而實(shí)際上確“沒(méi)有做”。根據(jù)“should”一詞并且結(jié)合第三段第一句進(jìn)行反推即逆向思維，更要加強(qiáng)反推的能力?！　?.「答案」D　　「考點(diǎn)解析」本題是一道細(xì)節(jié)歸納推導(dǎo)題。其實(shí)只要考生抓住第一段中的中心主旨句（倒數(shù)第二句）和第二段中的中心主旨句（倒數(shù)第一句）。另外考生在破解此類題型時(shí)還要善于根據(jù)中心主旨句進(jìn)行合理的邏輯推導(dǎo)?！　?.「答案」A　　「考點(diǎn)解析」這是一道中心主旨題。如果考生抓住了全文的中心主旨句（第一段的倒數(shù)第二句）以及每段的中心主旨句（例如第二段的倒數(shù)第一句），就不難尋找出本題的正確選項(xiàng)A，因?yàn)樵撨x項(xiàng)所強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容與這些中心主旨句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是相互一致的?？忌谄平庵行闹髦碱}型時(shí)一定要具備尋找和理解中心主旨句的能力?！　?.「答案」D　　「考點(diǎn)解析」本題是一道細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。題干已經(jīng)將本題的答案信息確定在第三段的尾句，該句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“engineering students”在教育方面的缺陷，可借助于本段的主題句（第三段第一句）來(lái)破解本題。第三段第一句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“engineering curricula”缺乏“design courses”。這句話同樣是表明“engineering students”在教育方面的缺失?？忌谄平獯祟愵}型時(shí)一定要善于總結(jié)和歸納原文的信息?！　參考譯文]　　許多日常使用的事物明顯受到了科學(xué)的影響，但它們的形狀和功能，它們的大小和外觀，是由工藝人員、工匠、設(shè)計(jì)師、發(fā)明家和工程師運(yùn)用非科學(xué)思維模式來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)的。工藝人員所考慮物體的很多性質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)不能歸結(jié)到毫不模糊的字面描述；在思維中，它們以一種視覺(jué)上的、非言語(yǔ)的方式被加以處理。在西方科技的發(fā)展過(guò)程中，大體上是由非言語(yǔ)思維刻畫(huà)了我們物質(zhì)環(huán)境的輪廓并充實(shí)了其中的細(xì)節(jié)。金字塔、大教堂、火箭之所以存在，不是因?yàn)閹缀螌W(xué)或熱力學(xué)的原因，而是因?yàn)樵谒鼈兊闹圃煺叩念^腦中事先存在了這樣一幅畫(huà)面?！　≡趲缀趺恳患F(xiàn)存的人造制品身上都能看出工藝人員思維創(chuàng)造性的制作過(guò)程。比如說(shuō)，在柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)中，通過(guò)不斷使用關(guān)于合適感和適當(dāng)感的直觀體會(huì)，一個(gè)工藝人員得以用他個(gè)人的非語(yǔ)言思維來(lái)影響到機(jī)器本身。燃燒室的形狀應(yīng)怎樣？閥門應(yīng)該放在哪里？它應(yīng)該有個(gè)長(zhǎng)的活塞還是應(yīng)該有個(gè)短的？這樣的問(wèn)題有著由經(jīng)驗(yàn)、物理需要、可用空間的局限以及并非微不足道的形狀感等因素提供的一系列答案。某一些決定，比如壁厚和銷釘直徑，可能需要由科學(xué)的計(jì)算來(lái)定奪，但設(shè)計(jì)中的非科學(xué)成分仍然是主要的。　　因此設(shè)計(jì)課程應(yīng)該成為工程課程中的基本成份。非語(yǔ)言思維，這一工程設(shè)計(jì)的核心機(jī)制，包括了感受這一屬于藝術(shù)家的而非科學(xué)家的慣用手段。因?yàn)槿藗冋J(rèn)為感受的過(guò)程不需要“硬思維”，非語(yǔ)言思維被視為認(rèn)知過(guò)程發(fā)展的一個(gè)原始階段而且比語(yǔ)言和數(shù)學(xué)思維差。但令人感到自相矛盾的是，當(dāng)《美國(guó)工程歷史名錄》的工作人員希望得到為其美國(guó)工程歷史記錄而繪制的機(jī)器圖和等比例圖時(shí)，唯一具有所需技能的大學(xué)生不是工程學(xué)大學(xué)生，而是就讀于建筑學(xué)院的大學(xué)生?！　∪绻荒荛_(kāi)設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)課程（它能在一個(gè)高度分析性工程學(xué)課程體系中提供解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的背景知識(shí)），我們就會(huì)在先進(jìn)的工程系統(tǒng)中遇到愚蠢而同時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致極大損失的錯(cuò)誤。比如，裝載了精密控制設(shè)備的早期高速鐵路車輛模型不能在暴風(fēng)雪中正常運(yùn)行，原因是一個(gè)風(fēng)扇將雪吸入到電子系統(tǒng)中。干擾著自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)的荒唐的隨機(jī)故障不是輕微的失常；它們是一種混亂的反映，人們認(rèn)為這種混亂主要在設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)學(xué)方面的問(wèn)題時(shí)就會(huì)產(chǎn)生?？佳杏⒄Z(yǔ)閱讀理解模擬試題及解析(五)　　As Gilbert White，Darwin， and others observed long ago， all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population makes this task more difficult： some populations remain roughly constant from year to year； others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity； still others vary wildly， with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather， and in other cases not.　　To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns， one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have densitydependent growth parameters； that is， rates of birth， death， and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly varying populations have densityindependent growth parameters， with vital rates buffeted by environmental events； these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.　　This dichotomy has its uses， but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing， no population can be driven entirely by densityindependent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth， death， and migration rates may be fluctuating around their longterm averages， if there were no densitydependent effects， the population would， in the long run， either increase or decrease without bound （barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly）。 Put another way， it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from densityindependent causes， and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant， and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet， whether recognized or not， they will usually determine the longterm average population density.　　In order to understand the nature of the ecologist39。39。s investigation， we may think of the densitydependent effects on growth parameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret， one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones， while the densityindependent effects act to produce noise in the population dynamics. For populations that remain relatively constant， or that oscillate around repeated cycles， the