【正文】 　　[A] dogmatic explanation.　　[B] indignant denial.　　[C] enthusiastic praise.　　[D] speculative study.　　[答案與考點解析]　　「答案」A　　「考點解析」本題是一道中心主旨題。尤其是破解中心主旨題時，一定要先找出全文的中心主旨句。第四段第一句明確指出“三張唱片為科爾特蘭尼富有活力的探索提供了證明”。另外這三個例子是按著先后順序給出的，更要注意句子之間的相互關(guān)系。本題屬于比較難的題型，因為本題的涉及面比較廣。但是對于善于捕捉全文中心主旨句的同學(xué)來講確比較容易。根據(jù)本題題干中的“other jazz musicians”可將本題的答案信息來源定位在第一段的第一至四句，因為在這四句話中提到了其它的爵士音樂家?！　　复鸢浮笴　　「考點解析」本題是一道歸納推導(dǎo)題型。考生在解題時要重視原文作者在表達觀點時的遣詞造句。這樣，二十世紀五十年代的比波普派輕視二十世紀四十年代的搖擺音樂派，而他們自己又受到二十世紀六十年代的自由爵士派的抨擊。而黑人薩克斯管巨匠約翰？科爾特蘭尼使這些從比波普派到新比波普派的支持者所提出的主張更加復(fù)雜化，因為在他自己的音樂例程中，他經(jīng)歷了所有這些風(fēng)格。在他最受歡迎的時期，科爾特蘭尼基本上放棄了比波普風(fēng)格的演奏以便探索爵士樂更深的處延，然而正是比波普風(fēng)格的演奏使得他成名。另一方面，這個頑強的學(xué)生和異常的技巧家每天花幾個小時用以練習(xí)理論書籍上的曲譜，從未能完全拋棄比波普的影響，在他的旋律中可以找到帶有比波普特點的快速和精細的音符以及修飾效果。前者引導(dǎo)科爾特蘭尼走向“片狀聲響”的境界，在那里科爾特蘭尼的演奏越來越快，將音符成堆互相累放起來以表達一種堆疊起來的和諧感?！　∪龔埑瑸榭茽柼靥m尼富有活力的探索提供了證明。在這中間，他演奏那些跌宕起伏的冗長的獨奏，而這些獨奏基本上是圍繞著一個重復(fù)主題展開的。后面這位音樂家在他的獨奏中會對其旋律進行調(diào)節(jié)改變。在這中間，“片狀聲響”、強拍重音、重復(fù)回旋和極快的速度組成了每一段獨奏的各個部分，各樂章的形式的多樣性是獨一無二的?！段业溺姁壑铩肥橇硪环N意義上的分水嶺。伴隨著女高音薩克斯管的尖音，那些顯得昏暗及帶有沉思意味的主題獲得了一種令人眼花繚亂的夢幻感覺。他的音樂變得沙啞而感性。后者仿效科爾特蘭尼，使基于重復(fù)主題的大段吉他獨奏上升成為一種搖滾藝術(shù)形式。they are dealt with in the mind by a visual,nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology,it has been nonverbal thinking,by and large,that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids,cathedrals,and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics,but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.　　The creative shaping process of a technologist39。s mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example,in designing a diesel engine,a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the bustion chamber？ Where should be valves be placed？ Should it have a long or short piston？ Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience,by physical requirements,by limitations of available space,and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter,may depend on scientific calculations,but the nonscientific ponent of design remains primary.　　Design courses,then,should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking,a central mechanism in engineering design,involves perceptions,the stockintrade of the artist,not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail hard thinking， nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering,the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students,but rather students attending architectural schools.　　If courses in design,which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problemsolving,are not provided,we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example,early models of highspeed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations。39。39。39。本題的正確答案信息點在原文第一段的倒數(shù)第二句，該句強調(diào)“nonverbal thinking”的重要性。根據(jù)題干中的“engineering curricula”可將本題的正確答案信息來源確定在原文的第三段第一句。“should”是“應(yīng)該做”而實際上確“沒有做”?！　?.「答案」D　　「考點解析」本題是一道細節(jié)歸納推導(dǎo)題。另外考生在破解此類題型時還要善于根據(jù)中心主旨句進行合理的邏輯推導(dǎo)。如果考生抓住了全文的中心主旨句（第一段的倒數(shù)第二句）以及每段的中心主旨句（例如第二段的倒數(shù)第一句），就不難尋找出本題的正確選項A，因為該選項所強調(diào)的內(nèi)容與這些中心主旨句所表達的內(nèi)容是相互一致的?！　?.「答案」D　　「考點解析」本題是一道細節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。第三段第一句強調(diào)的是“engineering curricula”缺乏“design courses”?？忌谄平獯祟愵}型時一定要善于總結(jié)和歸納原文的信息。工藝人員所考慮物體的很多性質(zhì)和特點不能歸結(jié)到毫不模糊的字面描述；在思維中，它們以一種視覺上的、非言語的方式被加以處理。金字塔、大教堂、火箭之所以存在，不是因為幾何學(xué)或熱力學(xué)的原因，而是因為在它們的制造者的頭腦中事先存在了這樣一幅畫面。比如說，在柴油發(fā)動機的設(shè)計中，通過不斷使用關(guān)于合適感和適當(dāng)感的直觀體會，一個工藝人員得以用他個人的非語言思維來影響到機器本身。某一些決定，比如壁厚和銷釘直徑，可能需要由科學(xué)的計算來定奪，但設(shè)計中的非科學(xué)成分仍然是主要的。非語言思維，這一工程設(shè)計的核心機制，包括了感受這一屬于藝術(shù)家的而非科學(xué)家的慣用手段。但令人感到自相矛盾的是，當(dāng)《美國工程歷史名錄》的工作人員希望得到為其美國工程歷史記錄而繪制的機器圖和等比例圖時，唯一具有所需技能的大學(xué)生不是工程學(xué)大學(xué)生，而是就讀于建筑學(xué)院的大學(xué)生。比如，裝載了精密控制設(shè)備的早期高速鐵路車輛模型不能在暴風(fēng)雪中正常運行，原因是一個風(fēng)扇將雪吸入到電子系統(tǒng)中?？佳杏⒄Z閱讀理解模擬試題及解析(五)　　As Gilbert White，Darwin， and others observed long ago， all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population makes this task more difficult： some populations remain roughly constant from year to year； others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity； still others vary wildly， with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather， and in other cases not.　　To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns， one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have densitydependent growth parameters； that is， rates of birth， death， and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly varying populations have densityindependent growth parameters， with vital rates buffeted by environmental events； these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.　　This dichotomy has its uses， but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing， no population can be driven entirely by densityindependent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth， death， and migration rates may be fluctuating around their longterm averages， if there were no densitydependent effects， the population would， in the long run， either increase or decrease without bound （barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly）。3