【導(dǎo)讀】9．PaxRomana（羅馬和平）（北京市2020年自考真題名詞解釋）:1）Intheyear27.

　　

【正文】 iled west to reach the orient. 3) He left Palos in 3 August, 1492 with three ships and reached the Bahamas on 12 October 1492 Division Five The Seventeenth Century 1. Kepler’s Laws（開普勒定律） : 1) The first important astronomer after Copernicus to adopt the heliocentric theory was the German scientist Kepler. 2)Kepler is best known for his discovery of the three laws of plaary motion, the three laws being called Kepler’s Laws. 3) They may be stated as follows each pla moves in an ellipse, with sun at one focus。 each pla moves more rapidly when near the sun than farther from it。 the distance of each pla from the sun bears a definite relation to the time period of its revolution around the sun. 4. :They formed the basis of all modern plaary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. 2. the laws of gravitation（萬有引力定律）： 1） The law of the universal gravitation is considered to be one of the most important discoveries in the history of science. 2) It was discovered by English scientist, Isaac Newton. 3) It states that the sun, the moon, the earth, the plas, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is called ) From his law of universal gravitation Newton was able to deduce the orbits of ets, the tides, and even the minute departures from elliptical orbits on the part of the plas. 3. the Great Instauration（偉大的復(fù)興） : 1) To expect any great advancement in science, English philosopher Francis Bacon held, we must begin anew. 2) The fresh start required the mind to overe all the preconceptions, all the prejudices, all the assumptions, sweep away all the fallacies and false beliefs. In a word it is to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration. 4． Inductive method（歸納法）： 1） Inductive method was established by English philosopher Francis Bacon in 17th century. 2) Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general ). Induction was put over against deductive method. 5. Thomas Hobbes’s political thought（霍布斯的政治思想）（北京市 2020 年真題名詞解釋） : 1) Thomas Hobbes held that men are enemies and at war with each other. 2) In odrder to get men out of the miserable condition of war, there should be a mon power or government backed by force and able to punish. 3) He preferred monarchy. 6. Lock’s Social Contract（ 洛克的社會契約論）： 1） He believed that political society and government rest on a rational foundation. 2) He emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail. 3) Absolute monarchy is contrary to the original social contract and dangerous to liberty. 4) The ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. 5) The people shall be judge when circumstances render rebellion legitimate. 7. The English Revolution: 1) The English Revolution took place in the middle of the 17th century. 2) Among the causes of this revolution were the growth of capitalism, the breakup of serfdom and the Puritan Movement. 3) 1in 1642, the Civil War broke out between the king and the Parliament. Led by Cromwell, the English bourgeoisie won the victory, and Charles I was captured and beheaded in 1649 and a republic was born. Glorious Revolution（光榮革命） : 1) During the restoration in England, many revolutionary leaders and those who had supported the Revolution were persecuted and Charles II was planning to turn England into a Catholic country. 3) In 1688, the representatives of the Parliament went to Holland to negotiate with the Dutch king William and his wife Mary, who was a member of the English royal family and a Protestant. Thus the English throne was offered to William and Mary, and the shortlived restoration ended. 4) There was no bloodshed in this event of 1688, so it was called the Glorious Revolution. 9. The Bill of Rights（權(quán)利法案） : 1) In 1889, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 2) It established the supremacy of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England. 3) The bill of Rights limited the Sovereign’s power in certain important directions: ①the power of suspending the laws by royal authority was declared to be illegal。 Parliament was responsible for all the law making. ② The king should levy no money except by grant of Parliament. ③ The king should not keep a standing army in time of peace without consent of Parliament。 ④ .No Roman Catholic, nor anyone marrying a Roman Catholic should succeed to the throne. 4) The Bill is the foundation on which the conditional monarchy of England rests. 10. Descartes’ Theory of Knowledge（笛卡兒的認(rèn)知論） : 1) Descartes employed methodic doubt with a view to discovering whether there was any indubitable truth. 2) His motto is ―I doubt, therefore I think: I think, therefore I am‖. 3) Doubting is thinking, thinking is the essence of the mind. 4) Descartes concluded that all tings that we conceive very clearly and distinctly are true, and that knowledge of things must be by the mind. 11. French Classicism（北京市 2020 年自考真題名詞解釋） : Classicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. 2). It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals. 3)This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century. 4) Three characteristics were: ① In The French Classical literature, man was viewed as a social being consciously and willingly subject to discipline。 ② Rationalism was believed to be able to discover the best principles of human conduct and the universal principles of natural laws. French classicism was fond fo using classical forms, classical themes and values.