【導(dǎo)讀】《寫作160篇》全面涵蓋當(dāng)年可考話題，經(jīng)典話題精心選材，文章分類層次清晰，范文重點(diǎn)句式詳細(xì)點(diǎn)評。這個(gè)時(shí)代承諾重新塑造我們的生活和我們的世界。這可以稱得上是又一次電子革命，其關(guān)鍵在于電視技術(shù)與計(jì)算機(jī)。是，電視不僅僅是一個(gè)電子系統(tǒng)，它還是一種表達(dá)工具和傳播渠道。因此，電視成了一個(gè)對其他人發(fā)生影響的強(qiáng)大。電視這個(gè)領(lǐng)域可以根據(jù)其發(fā)射方式分為兩類。第一類為廣播電視，通過電視信號的寬帶無線電波發(fā)射展現(xiàn)在大眾面前；第二類為非廣播電視，使用受控的發(fā)射技。術(shù)來滿足個(gè)人以及某些特殊利益群體的需要。電視早已成為大眾媒介。似目前的方式存在了大約37年。在那些年頭中，電視絕大部分一直由ABC、NBC、CBS這些廣播電視公司控制著，這些廣播電視公司一直是新聞、信息和娛樂的主要提供者。漸漸把顯像管看作是娛樂的來源，讓自己成為這個(gè)生動的媒介的被動觀眾。

　　

【正文】 teries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used. Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire munity did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the acting area and the auditorium. In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect success in hunt or battle, the ing rain, the revival of the Sun as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities. Another theory traces the theater39。s origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this view tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds. 戲劇的起源 關(guān)于古希臘戲劇的起源存在著多種理論，其中一個(gè)最普遍為人接受的理論 假設(shè)認(rèn)為戲劇從儀式演化而來。 這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是這樣進(jìn)行論證的：一開始，人類把世界上的自 然力量，甚至季節(jié)的變化都看成是不可預(yù)料的。 他們試圖通過各種方式去控制這些未知的、 令人恐懼的力量。 那些似乎帶來了滿意結(jié)果的手段就被保留下來并且重復(fù)直到這些手段固 化為不變的儀式，最后產(chǎn)生了能夠解釋或者掩蓋這些儀式神秘性的故事。 隨著時(shí)間的推移， 一些儀式 被廢棄了，但這些后來被稱作神話的故事流傳下來并且為藝術(shù)和戲劇提供了素材。 認(rèn)為戲劇從儀式演化而來的人們還認(rèn)為那些儀式包含了戲劇的基本因素，因?yàn)橐魳?、舞蹈? 面具和服裝幾乎經(jīng)常被使用，而且，必須為演出提供一個(gè)合適的地點(diǎn)；如果不是整個(gè)社區(qū)共 同參加演出，經(jīng)常在 演出區(qū) 和 觀眾席 之間劃分出明顯的分界。 另外，儀式中還有演員， 而且宗教領(lǐng)袖通常承擔(dān)演出任務(wù)，因?yàn)樵趦x式的執(zhí)行中避免錯(cuò)誤的發(fā)生被認(rèn)為有相當(dāng)大的重 要性；他們經(jīng)常帶著面具，穿著服裝象演員那樣扮演其它人、動物或超自然的生靈，用動作 來表演以達(dá)到所需 要的效果，比如打獵的成功或戰(zhàn)斗的勝利、將至的雨、太陽的復(fù)活。 最 后這些戲劇性的表演從宗教活動中分離了出來。 另一個(gè)追溯戲劇起源的理論認(rèn)為它來自人 們對敘述故事的興趣。 根據(jù)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，故事 (關(guān)于狩獵、戰(zhàn)爭或者其它偉績 )是逐漸豐富起 來的。 首先通過一個(gè)講解人來運(yùn)用模仿、表演和對話，然后再由不同的人扮演各自的角色； 另一個(gè)與之緊密相關(guān)的理論將考研 1 號英語話題寫作第一書《寫作 160 篇》連續(xù) 5 年命中寫作原題 《寫作 160 篇》全面涵蓋當(dāng)年可考話題，經(jīng)典話題精心選材， 文章分類層次 清晰，范文重點(diǎn)句式詳細(xì)點(diǎn)評。 戲劇的起源追溯至舞蹈，這些舞蹈大體上是有節(jié)奏感的和體操 式的那一類，或者是對動物動作和聲音的模仿。 11 Archaeology Archaeology is a source of history, not just a humble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts. Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment. Archaeological data are all changes in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The sum total of these constitutes what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contrast betweenarchaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records. Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance. Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movement of troops on the battlefield may change the course of history, but this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologist39。s standpoint. What is perhaps worse, most anic materials are perishable. Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will decay and vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, save under very exceptional conditions. In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduced to mere scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and parative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peatbogs, deserts, and frozen soils, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap. 考古學(xué) 考古學(xué)是歷史學(xué)的一個(gè)來源，而不是地位卑微的輔助學(xué)科。 考古學(xué)資料本身也是一種 歷史文獻(xiàn)，而不僅僅是文字資料的例證。 正象任何一位歷史學(xué)家那樣，考古學(xué)家研究調(diào)查 并盡力去重構(gòu)一個(gè)過程。 這個(gè)過程創(chuàng)造了我們生活的人類世界，也創(chuàng)造了我們自身，因?yàn)? 我們都是我們所處的時(shí)代和社會環(huán)境的產(chǎn)物。 考古學(xué)的資料就是人類行為所造成的物質(zhì)變 化。 更簡潔地說，是石化了的人類行為。 這些變化的總和構(gòu)成了我們所說的考古學(xué)記錄。 這些記錄自有其獨(dú)特和不足之處，因而導(dǎo)致人們對考古歷史和更熟悉的文字記載歷史進(jìn)行相 當(dāng) 膚淺的對比。 并不是所有的人類行為都留下化石。 我說的話，你通過空氣振動聽見，這 當(dāng)然是人類造成的物質(zhì)變化，也可能有重大的歷史意義，但這些話在考古學(xué)中未留下絲毫痕 跡，除非有人用錄音機(jī)錄下來或文書把這些話寫了下來。 戰(zhàn)場上軍隊(duì)的行動可能 改變歷史 的進(jìn)程 ，但從考古學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)來看，這同樣是難以捕捉的；可能更糟的是，多數(shù)有機(jī)物質(zhì)會 腐爛。 任何由木頭、生皮、絨線、亞麻、草、毛發(fā)以及相似物質(zhì)做成的東西除非在一些非 常特殊的條件下，幾年或幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以后，會在塵土中腐爛并消失。 在短時(shí)期內(nèi)，能留下考 古記錄的東 西也都會退化為石頭、骨頭、玻璃、金屬和陶器的碎片。 然而，現(xiàn)代考古學(xué)通 過運(yùn)用適當(dāng)?shù)募夹g(shù)和比較的方法，在從泥炭、沙漠和凍土中所獲得的一些幸運(yùn)發(fā)現(xiàn)的輔助下， 能夠填充這個(gè)空缺的很大部分。 12 Museums From Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs. These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the nottoodistant New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so. The reasons for this confluence of activity are plex, but one factor is a consideration everywhere space. With 考研 1 號英語話題寫作第一書《寫作 160 篇》連續(xù) 5 年命中寫作原題 《寫作 160 篇》全面涵蓋當(dāng)年可考話題，經(jīng)典話題精心選材， 文章分類層次 清晰，范文重點(diǎn)句式詳細(xì)點(diǎn)評。 collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has bee a very precious modity. Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which has needed additional space for decades and which receive