【正文】 送到細(xì)紗工序。Spinning細(xì)紗The final process in ring spinning of single yarn is the spinning operation. During spinning the roving is attenuated to the desired diameter, called the final draft, and the desired amount of twist is inserted. The roving is fed down into the spinning area, where it feeds between sets of rollers. Just as in the roving step, the front set of set rotates faster than the back set. In spinning, the front set rotates about 30 times faster than the back set. This difference in speed attenuates the yarn and makes it even, smooth, and uniform. The attenuated yam is fed down, guided through a Ushaped guide, called a traveler, which moves around the takeup package or bobbin on a ring, hence the name ring spinning. The movement of the traveler and the turning of the spindle on which the bobbin is held bine to introduce twist into the yam. The spindle turns at about13000 revolutions per minute。 the traveler is slightly slower. Approximately 11 meters of yarn is wound onto the bobbin per minute. The size of yarn and the amount of twist, cited as turns per meter, can be controlled. The yam manufacturing steps discussed to this point produce a single 。在細(xì)紗生產(chǎn)中,粗紗被逐漸拉伸至需要的直徑,稱為最后一道拉伸，同時需要的捻度被加進。粗紗從細(xì)紗機的上方喂入,并通過一對對的羅拉。與粗紗工序相似,前羅拉的轉(zhuǎn)速高于后羅拉的轉(zhuǎn)速。在細(xì)紗中，前羅拉的轉(zhuǎn)速比后羅拉的轉(zhuǎn)速快30倍左右。這樣速度的差使紗條抽長拉細(xì)，變均勻，變光滑。拉伸變細(xì)的紗線向下方輸送,并受到一個被稱為鋼絲圈的U型導(dǎo)紗件的控制。鋼絲圈圍繞卷裝或筒管在鋼領(lǐng)上回轉(zhuǎn),環(huán)錠紡紗的名字就是這樣得來的。筒管上鋼絲圈的移動和錠子的轉(zhuǎn)動聯(lián)合給紗線加捻。錠子大約每分鐘轉(zhuǎn)動13000轉(zhuǎn)；鋼絲圈稍慢一點。每分鐘大約有11米紗線被卷繞到筒管上。圖1顯示了細(xì)紗的工序。紗線的尺寸和加捻的數(shù)量，以每米紗線的捻回度表示，這可以被控制。細(xì)沙加工到這一步就形成了單紗。Lesson TwentySeven WarpingIf the fabric forming system is weaving or warp knitting, some or all of the yarns forming the fabric are presented in sheet form. It is necessary therefore to remove the yarn from the winding package and arrange the desired number on a package called a beam. The yarns must be parallel and under uniform tension. This, then, is the purpose of warping.如果采用機織或經(jīng)編工藝生產(chǎn)織物,部分紗線(指機織)或全部紗線(指經(jīng)編)要以片紗方式供應(yīng)。因此有必要將紗線從卷裝上退繞下來,再按所需的根數(shù)卷繞到筒管也就是經(jīng)軸上。紗線必須相互平行,且張力均勻,這就是整經(jīng)的目的。 Before thinking about winding a specified number of yarns on a beam, first consider the problem of positioning the package from which the yarn is taken in such a manner so as to facilitate the removal of yarn. Also keep in mind that the number of yarns per beam is in the hundreds or thousands and that there must, at least, be one supply package for each of these yarns. It is logical, therefore, to build a frame of some sort to hold the supply packages in a manner so as to facilitate warping. To acplish this purpose creels are equipped with package holders on which the supply packages are placed, tension device to help maintain uniform tension through out the creel, guides to direct the yarn and to help keep the ends apart, antistatic devices to eliminate static charges by the rubbing of the yarn against the various surfaces, and stop motions to detect broken ends and/or empty packages.在將特定數(shù)目的紗線卷繞到經(jīng)軸上之前,首先應(yīng)考慮筒子的位置要便于紗線的退繞。還應(yīng)記住,每個經(jīng)軸上的紗線可能是幾百根,也可能是幾千根,每根紗線至少應(yīng)有一個供紗筒子。因此,設(shè)置一個某種形式的架子來擺放筒子以便于整經(jīng)是有道理的。為達(dá)此目的,筒子架上設(shè)有筒子插座,筒子插在插座上，張力裝置使所有的紗線保持均勻的張力；導(dǎo)紗器用來引導(dǎo)紗線并使紗線分開；抗靜電裝置用來消除紗線與構(gòu)件表面摩擦產(chǎn)生的靜電荷；停車裝置用來監(jiān)測斷紗和空筒。 In theory, the size of the creel (and therefore the number of packages it may hold) is unlimited. In practice, and not considering purchase price, the creel size is limited by two factors. The first of these is floor space. A creel must be housed in the building and therefore it necessarily uses some of the facilities of that building. Since the creel produces nothing tangible to offset the cost of housing and maintenance, it is important that it consume as little of these as possible:從理論上講,筒子架的大小(即它所能容納的筒子的數(shù)目)是沒有限制的。在實際生產(chǎn)中,不考慮價格因素,筒子架的大小受到兩方面的限制。第一是占地面積,筒子架必須安裝在車間內(nèi),因此就必須使用該車間的設(shè)備。因為筒子架不會產(chǎn)生任何實質(zhì)性的東西來補償安裝和保養(yǎng)費用，所以盡量減少成本是很重要的。 The second factor is the yarn itself. In theoretical discussions, yarn weight, especially for short lengths of yarn, is neglected. In considering a very large creel, it is obvious that some of the supply packages must be very much further away from the point where the beam is being formed than others. Also, the yarn must be supported to keep it from dragging on the floor and tangling. Each support acts as a capstan tension device. Thus, it is important to keep the packages in a distance range where the effect of yarn weight and the effect of supports as tensioners may be neglected. Hence the size and, therefore, the capacity of the creel is limited. In general, maximum creel capacity ranges from about 300 packages for very heavy yarns to 1400 packages for thin yarns. As will be seen later, creel capacity is an important factor in ,紗線的重量,特別是紗線輸送距離較短時,是可以忽略不計的。如果筒子架很大,很明顯,有的筒子離經(jīng)軸的距離比其它筒子要遠(yuǎn)得多。另外紗線必須被支撐,使其不致垂向地面或相互糾纏。每一個支撐件都相當(dāng)于一個倍積法張力裝置,因此應(yīng)該使筒子之間的距離保持在一定的范圍內(nèi),使紗線重量及支撐件對紗線張力的影響可以忽略不計。因此筒子架的大小及容量是有限度的。一般情況下,筒子架容量為300個筒子(粗重紗線)到1400個筒子(細(xì)紗線)。正如將在后文看到的，紗架的容量是整經(jīng)的重要因素。 Creels may be classified by the number of creel positions per end supplied. Using this classification, creels are either single or multiple package creels.筒子架可以按每根紗線的供紗筒子的個數(shù)分類,采用這種分類方法,筒子架可分為單式筒子架和復(fù)式筒子架兩種。To achieve higher beaming efficiency, single package creels are often used in various binations. If the winding head, or headstock, is fixed, often nonstationary single end creels are moved in and out of position as required. These creels are called truck creels. Truck creels require that floor space be reserved for the empty creel. A more space efficient setup results if the headstock is capable of being moved. Creels used in this manner are known as duplicated creels. The advantage of a duplicated creel is the lack of need for any empty creel space in which to moves an expended ,多采用各種組合的單式筒子架。如果機頭或車頭固定不動,經(jīng)常采用可移動的單式筒子架,可以按需要移入或移出筒子架,這種筒子架稱為移動式筒子架。使用移動式筒子架時,需要為空筒子架保留占地。如果車頭能移動,可得到較高的空間利用率,這種筒子架被稱之為雙聯(lián)筒子架。這種筒子架優(yōu)點是，不需要為空筒子架設(shè)置空間。 In one type of multiple package creel , known as a magazine creel, more than one package is provided for each end. The packages are tied headtotail so warping can continue when one package is exhausted.有一種復(fù)式