【正文】 ed as if they had been good friends for many years. 那兩個(gè)陌生人交談起來(lái)就像是多年的老朋友。 ④表示“剛剛……就……” 過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用在hardly/scarcely/barely ... when..., no sooner ... than ...等結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“剛剛……就……”。 Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他剛到就又走了。提示： intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示一個(gè)本來(lái)打算做而未做的事。 I had meant to e, but something happened. 我原本打算來(lái)的，但有事發(fā)生了。 I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so. 我本打算去看你的，但沒能去成。 They had wanted to help but couldn39。t get here in time. 他們?cè)霂兔Φ?，但沒能及時(shí)趕到這里。3．過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的比較 一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前，因此它表示的是“比過(guò)去更過(guò)去”。 I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已歸還了我借的書。 He didn39。t know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons. 他對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無(wú)所知，因?yàn)樗麤]有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。 I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 我在車站等了20分鐘車才來(lái)。 C．將來(lái)完成時(shí) 1．將來(lái)完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成 將來(lái)完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成是由“shall/ will + have +過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成的。 Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter. 不久他就會(huì)全然忘記這件事的。 He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates. 他現(xiàn)在是一個(gè)有身份的人了，他可能不會(huì)記得老同學(xué)了。 Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?到下個(gè)月你認(rèn)識(shí)凱文該有10年了吧？ ①表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間之前已完成的動(dòng)作，并往往對(duì)將來(lái)某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。 We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到這個(gè)學(xué)期末，我們將學(xué)完12個(gè)單元。 By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 你到家之前我將把房子徹底打掃一遍。 Will you soon have finished laying the table? 你會(huì)很快擺放好餐桌嗎？ 注意： 在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，不用將來(lái)完成時(shí)，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)來(lái)代替。 When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do. 等我做完這件事時(shí)，我就做完我該做的所有的事了。 Please don39。t get off the bus until it has stopped. 請(qǐng)待車停穩(wěn)了再下車。 ②表示推測(cè) You will have heard of this, I guess. 我想你已經(jīng)聽說(shuō)過(guò)這件事了。 I am sure he will have got the information. 我相信他一定得到了這個(gè)信息。 四、完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是完成時(shí)和進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)合，包括現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 A. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 1．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“have/has been +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。 He is ill. He39。s been lying in bed for three weeks. 他病了，已經(jīng)臥床3個(gè)星期了。 Your eyes are red. Have you been crying? 你眼睛紅了。你剛剛哭過(guò)了嗎？ What have you been doing all this time? 這半天你干什么來(lái)著？ 2．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 ①表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某時(shí)開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等狀語(yǔ)以及since和for引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)連用。 I have been reading Hemingway39。s Farewell to Arms recently. 我最近一直在讀海明威的《永別了，武器》。 She has been reciting the words all the morning. 她整個(gè)上午都在背單詞。 This is what I have been expecting since my childhood. 這是我從小以來(lái)就一直期待著的事情。 ②表示動(dòng)作剛剛結(jié)束 My clothes are all wet. I39。ve been working in the rain. 我的衣服全濕了，我剛才一直在雨中干活。 He is dead drunk. He39。s been drinking with his friends. 他爛醉如泥，他剛才一直在和朋友們喝酒。 ③表示一個(gè)近期內(nèi)時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)、重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 You39。ve been saying that for five years. 這話你已經(jīng)說(shuō)了五年了。 He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher. 自從任教以來(lái)，他一直在為報(bào)刊雜志撰稿。 ④表達(dá)較重的感情色彩 What have you been doing to my dictionary? 看你把我的字典弄成什么樣子了！ Time has been flying so quickly! 時(shí)間過(guò)得可真快?。? Too much has been happening today. 今天可真是個(gè)多事的日子。 3． 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較 ①現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般不表示重復(fù)性。 Have you been meeting him recently? 你最近常和他見面嗎？ Have you met him recently? 你最近見到過(guò)他嗎？ ②現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)含有感情色彩，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般是平鋪直敘。 I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。（可能表示不滿） I have waited for you for two hours. 我等了你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。（說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)） ③現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。 Who has been eating the oranges? 誰(shuí)一直在吃這些桔子呀？（還剩余一些） Who has eaten the oranges? 誰(shuí)把桔子吃光了？（強(qiáng)調(diào)吃得一個(gè)不剩） B. 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“had been +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam. 她在考試之前一直患重感冒。 Had they been expecting the news for some time? 他們期待這個(gè)消息有一段時(shí)間了吧？ Rafael was scolded even though he hadn39。t been doing anything wrong. 盡管拉斐爾沒做什么錯(cuò)事，但他還是挨罵了。①表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過(guò)去時(shí)間。和過(guò)去完成時(shí)一樣，過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)也必須以一過(guò)去時(shí)間為前提。 I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 這東西我找了好多天才找著的。 They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came. 他們只等了一會(huì)兒車就來(lái)了。 ②表示反復(fù)的動(dòng)作 He had been mentioning your name to me. 他過(guò)去多次向我提到過(guò)你的名字。 You had been giving me everything. 你對(duì)我真是有求必應(yīng)。 ③過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還常用于間接引語(yǔ)中（詳見第12章） The doctor asked what he had been eating. 醫(yī)生問(wèn)他吃了什么。 I asked where they had been staying all those days. 我問(wèn)他們那些天是待在哪兒的。 ④過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句 I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in. 我剛看了幾分鐘他就進(jìn)來(lái)了。 She39。d only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her. 她溫習(xí)功課才一會(huì)兒，她妹妹就打斷她了。 3．過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)的比較 She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy. 她已經(jīng)打掃過(guò)辦公室了，所以很整潔。（強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果） She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside. 她一直在打掃辦公室，所以我們不得不在外面等著。（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行）第二章 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（一） 第二章 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（一） 語(yǔ)態(tài)也是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(active voice) 和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(passive voice)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承受者。 一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由助動(dòng)詞be加及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，如果有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者可以由介詞by引出的短語(yǔ)表示。助動(dòng)詞be隨主語(yǔ)的人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣的不同而變化。 A. 十種常見時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：do 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：amisare done We clean the classroom every day. 我們每天打掃教室。 The classroom is cleaned by us every day. 教室每天都由我們打掃。 Such songs are usually sung by girls. 這些歌通常是女孩子們唱的。 Russian is not taught in our school. 我們學(xué)校不教俄語(yǔ)。 Are many goods shipped abroad every day 每天都有許多貨物運(yùn)往國(guó)外嗎 2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：did 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：waswere done We cleaned the classroom yesterday. 昨天我們打掃了教室。 The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday. 昨天教室被我們打掃了。 The window was broken by my son. 窗子是我兒子打破的。 Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday 昨天山上種了許多樹嗎？ How much money was stolen in all 一共被偷了多少錢？ 3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：willshall do 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：willshall be done We will clean the classroom soon. 我們很快要打掃教室。 The classroom will be cleaned soon. 教室很快要被打掃了。 The