【正文】
ts are from the city14. 虛擬語氣(1) 真實(shí)條件句,用于陳述語氣,表示假設(shè)的情況可能發(fā)生時(shí)態(tài)條件從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),主句用shall / will + 動(dòng)詞原形(不可用be going to)(2) 非真實(shí)條件句,基本特點(diǎn)是時(shí)態(tài)退后1) 表示同現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)從句用一般過去時(shí),主句用should / would + 動(dòng)詞原形If they were here,they would help you.2) 表示同過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)從句用過去完成時(shí),主句用would / should have + 過去分詞If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.3) 表示對將來的假想從句用一般過去時(shí)或were to或should + / should + 動(dòng)詞原形(3) 混和條件句,主句和從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在不同的時(shí)間,依情況而定(4) 特殊句型1) It is demanded / ordered / required / requested / proposed / insisted that + sb should do sth ,should 可省略2) It39。s important / necessary / natural / strange that +sb should do sth3) It39。s a pity / shame that4) It39。s no wonder that5) 表示命令、建議、要求等動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句【注】當(dāng)suggest、insist表示表明、堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為時(shí),用陳述語氣而不是虛擬語氣6) 表示命令、建議或要求的同位語從句中,用虛擬語氣,如suggestion、advice、plan、idea、ordre、proposal等詞My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.7)It is high time that + sb should do sth(5) Wish 的特殊用法1) 表示與事實(shí)相反的情況,或?qū)聿惶赡軐?shí)現(xiàn)的愿望 I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一樣高。 He wished he hadn39。t said that. 他希望他沒講那樣的話?! wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。2) Wish sb to do // wish to do15. 名詞性從句連接詞:that、whether、if(不充當(dāng)任何成分);連接代詞:what、whatever、who、whoever、whom、which、whose;連接副詞:when、where、how、why位于介詞后的連詞或是引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連詞不可省略Whether與if:當(dāng)whether引導(dǎo)主語從句且置于句首;whether引導(dǎo)表語從句;whether從句作介詞賓語;whether…or not,whether與if 不可替換【注】it appears that 似乎……;it happens that碰巧……;it occured to me that… 突然想起……16. 定語從句whose=of which ;when = on / in which ;why = for which;where=in which(1)限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句:限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號分開(當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí))【注】that 和 why 不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句(2)as與 which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,as一般置于句首,which置于居中【注】as代表整個(gè)主句且在從句中作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞必須是be動(dòng)詞(3) What 特指=the thing whichamp。 whatever泛指=anything(4) 只能用that的情況1) there be 句型2) 不定代詞anything、nothing、any、little、few等作先行詞3) 先行詞有the only、the very修飾時(shí)4) 先行詞有序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)5) 先行詞既有人也有物時(shí)17. 狀語從句(1)方式狀語從句as…so…結(jié)構(gòu)位于句首,這里的as有比喻的含義,意思是正如…,就像… eg. As water is to fish,so air is to man.as if/ as though引導(dǎo)狀語從句多用虛擬語氣,似乎,好像;當(dāng)所說情況是事實(shí)或者實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大時(shí),用陳述語氣(2)原因狀語從句:as、since、for、becauseBecause語勢最強(qiáng),用來說明人們不知道的原因,常用來回答why的問題;當(dāng)原因是顯而易見的或是人們所熟知的,則用since、as;如果是表示說話者的推斷,則用for(1) 目的狀語從句:so that、in order that、for fear that、in case、lest等詞(2) 結(jié)果狀語從句:so…that…、such…that…引導(dǎo)【固定搭配】so much / many / few / little… ;such a lot of…(3) 條件狀語從句:if、unless=if not、on condition that…、as / so long as等(4) 讓步狀語從句:though、although引導(dǎo),不能與but連用,可與yet連用Though the sore be healed,yet a scar may ,但傷疤留下了.even if / though 即使;whether…or… 不管…都…;no matter wh // wh + ever(5) 時(shí)間狀語從句中when、while、as:when與as引導(dǎo)短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞;當(dāng)從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前,只能用when引導(dǎo);表示隨著時(shí)間的推移只能用as,如as the time goes on // as the day went on(6) 表示一……就……的句型:as soon as / no sooner…than ;hardly / scarcely / barely…when…No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.18. 連詞(1) and amp。 or:平行結(jié)構(gòu)連接祈使句或名詞詞組表示條件 One more effort,and you39。ll succeed.There is no air or water in the moon.There is no air and no water on the moon.(兩否定詞被看做是肯定結(jié)構(gòu))(2) although與yet連用,但不與but連用19. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(1) 特征: 1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能表示正在發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情,只表示期待或估計(jì)某事的發(fā)生。 2) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不帶to 的不定式。 3) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱,數(shù)的變化,即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)不加s?!?) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有非謂語形式,即沒有不定式,分詞,等形式。(2) can 與 be able to的區(qū)別1) can只有現(xiàn)在式和過去式,be able to 可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)2) 表示成功做成某事時(shí),只能用be able to,相當(dāng)于manage to do3) 表示委婉的請求或者否定地推測/懷疑時(shí),用couldHe couldn39。t be a bad man.(3) may與might的區(qū)別might表示推測時(shí),只是可能性比may小,都表示沒有把握地推測may / might as well 不妨 If that is the case,we may as well try.(4) must與have to的區(qū)別:must表示說話人的主觀看法,have to 表示客觀需要否定句中mustn39。t 表示禁止;don39。t have to 表示不必表示要求、命令時(shí),should、had better、must語氣漸強(qiáng)【引申】must用在肯定句中表示較有把握地推測,意為“一定”,有must be / must be doing / must have done / must have been doing否定推測用can39。t(5) should have done / ought to have done 表示本應(yīng)做某事而事實(shí)上沒有做,其否定形式表示本不該做某事卻做了(6) needn39。t have done 本沒必要做某事而做了(7) would like to have done 本打算做某事但事實(shí)上沒有做20. 特殊句型1) there is no point in doing sth 做……是無濟(jì)于事的/沒有什么作用 there is very little/not much point in doing sth【point做目的、用處講,不可數(shù)】2) have difficulty/ trouble in doing sth3) keep sb busy (in) doing sth //be busy with sth4) feel like doing sth 21. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的同等成分(主謂賓定狀補(bǔ))并列時(shí),要求它們結(jié)構(gòu)或詞性相同,即名隊(duì)名,介對介,分對分,句對句等使役動(dòng)詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語常見的使役動(dòng)詞有:have、make、get、leave、let、set、want等,其賓語補(bǔ)足語有名詞、形容詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞等make、let、have動(dòng)詞不定式不用to強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 it is +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分(主/賓/狀語)+that+句子其他部分It is what you will do that is essential.It is only when one is ill that one realize the value of health.【注】被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是表示人的名詞,可用who代替;表示物的名詞可用which代替;如果是原因狀語從句,只能用because引導(dǎo),而不能用since者as者why有三類句子不能被強(qiáng)調(diào),表語/謂語(加助動(dòng)詞)/though,although,whereas引導(dǎo)的從句It is whereas he prefers pop song that I like classical music. (誤)I like classical music whereas he prefers pop songs. (正)【收藏版】常用固定搭配(1)abide by 忠于;遵守 be faithful to;(2)being absentminded absence of mind 心不在焉的(3)be absorbed in/ be engrossed in / be rapt in (4)concentrate on / focus on / center on(5)be abundant in 富裕,富有;be rich in;be well supplied with(6)by accident / accidentally / by chance 偶然地,意外(7)of one’s own accord 自愿地;主動(dòng)地(without being asked;willingly)(8)in accord with 與……一致; out of one’s accord with 同…不一致(9)on one’s own account 為了某人的緣故;為了某人自己的利益(10)by oneself 依靠自己 on account of 因?yàn)? on no account 無論如何(11)take … into account/consideration 把……考慮進(jìn)去 allow for…(12)give sb an account of 說明,解釋(理由)(13)account for 解釋,說明(14)accuse…of… 指控,控告 charge…with…;blame sb for sth;blame sth on sb(15) be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于… be used to / be in the habit of …(16) be acquainted with ... / have knowledge of.../ have mand of...(17) act on 奉行,按照…行動(dòng) act as 扮演;act for 代理(18) In addition 此外,又,加之 (19) in addition to… 除…之外/ as well as/besides/other than(20) adhere to /abide by/conform to /insist on / persist in/observe/opinion/belief/ply with 粘附,堅(jiān)持;遵循(21) have the advantage of…處于…的有利條件;have the advantage of sb (22) take advantage of/make the best of/make use of /harness /