【正文】 d from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World。圈地對(duì)佃家而言是場(chǎng)災(zāi)難，他們被趕出土地，被迫到城鎮(zhèn)找工作。圈地運(yùn)動(dòng)導(dǎo)致了大規(guī)模的移民，尤其是移民至新大陸。（4） A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships.農(nóng)村關(guān)系中產(chǎn)生了新的階級(jí)對(duì)立。英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況精講系列（十一）II. The Industrial Revolution (17801830)工業(yè)革命（17801830）1．The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.工業(yè)革命指的是17世紀(jì)末、18世紀(jì)初英國(guó)工業(yè)的機(jī)械化，以及因此而導(dǎo)致的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。2．Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:英國(guó)成為第一個(gè)工業(yè)化的國(guó)家，原因如下：(1) Favourable geopraphical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade。優(yōu)越的地理位置：英國(guó)地理位置優(yōu)越，適合參與歐洲與世界貿(mào)易；(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital in large quantities for industralization.政治局面穩(wěn)定。17世紀(jì)后的英國(guó)社會(huì)寧?kù)o，對(duì)海外貿(mào)易和殖民地興趣日增。國(guó)際貿(mào)易給商人和城市銀行家?guī)?lái)財(cái)富，他們加上由于新農(nóng)作法而發(fā)家的人們?yōu)楣I(yè)化提供了大筆資金。(3) The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the munity could exert their influence over Government policy.1688年光榮革命限制了君主的權(quán)力，這使得強(qiáng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益集團(tuán)能對(duì)政府政策施加影響。(4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products.英國(guó)的主要城鎮(zhèn)皆靠近海港或河流，貨物運(yùn)送便利。(5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power. Britain also had useful mineral resources.英國(guó)許多河流不僅用于交通，還提供水力及蒸汽動(dòng)力。英國(guó)還有可用的礦產(chǎn)資源。(6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.英國(guó)工程師為訓(xùn)練有素的手工藝人。(7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.發(fā)明家受人尊重，他們解決了實(shí)際難題。(8) Probably laissez faire and “Protestant work ethic” helped.自由貿(mào)易及“新教工作倫理”可能起到一定作用(9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers.1707年后，英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士形成海關(guān)協(xié)會(huì)，1807年后愛(ài)爾蘭加入。因此，全國(guó)市場(chǎng)不再受制于國(guó)內(nèi)海關(guān)的約束。(10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labour for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry.圈地運(yùn)動(dòng)和其它農(nóng)業(yè)改良為增加的人口提供了糧食，為工廠(chǎng)提供了勞動(dòng)力，為工業(yè)提供了所需的一些原材料。3．Typical examples of the inventions during the Industrial Revolution工業(yè)革命中一些重大創(chuàng)新(1) John Kay’s flying shuttle in 1733。1733年，約翰凱的飛梭；(2) James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny in 1766。1766年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮紡紗機(jī)；(3) Richard Arkwright’s waterframe in 1769。1769年理查 德阿克賴(lài)特的水力紡織機(jī)；(4) Samuel Crompton’s mule in 17791779年塞繆爾克朗普頓的走綻紡紗機(jī)；(5) Edmund Cartwright’s power loom in 1784。1784年愛(ài)德蒙卡特萊特發(fā)明的力織機(jī)；(6) James Watt’s steam engine in 1765.1765年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽機(jī)。4．Consequences of the industrial Revolution工業(yè)革命的結(jié)果（1） Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”。使英國(guó)在1830年成為了“世界工場(chǎng)”；（2） Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation’s wealth.城鎮(zhèn)迅速興起，成為國(guó)家財(cái)富的源泉。（3） Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appalling conditions.機(jī)械化摧毀了無(wú)法投入其中的人們的生活。工人們?cè)跇O其惡劣的條件下勞動(dòng)與生活。（4） The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.工業(yè)革命產(chǎn)生了工人階級(jí)，即無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)。后來(lái)形成了工會(huì)制度。英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況精講系列（十二）III. The Chartist Movement (18361848)憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)（18361848）1. Reasons for parliamentary reforms.議會(huì)改革的原因(1) Power was monopolized by the aristocrats.權(quán)力被貴族壟斷。(2) Representation of town and country, and North and South was unfair.議會(huì)中城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村，北方和南方的代表分配極不公平。(3) There were also various socalled rotten or pocket boroughs.還有各種稱(chēng)之為腐敗選區(qū)或口袋選區(qū)。2．Three Reform Bills(18321884)三個(gè)改革法案Between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.1832年至1884年間通過(guò)了三個(gè)改革法案。a) The Reform Act of 1832 (also called the “Greater Charter of 1832) abolished “rotten boroughs”, and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing towns. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the value of their property.1832年的《改革法案》（也稱(chēng)為1832年的大憲章）廢除了“腐敗選區(qū)”；在新興城鎮(zhèn)中較為公平地重新分配了議席；以財(cái)產(chǎn)價(jià)值為基礎(chǔ)賦予許多屋主和佃家選舉權(quán)。b) The New Poor Law of 1834 forced the poor people into work houses instead of giving them sufficient money to survive in their own homes.1834年的新濟(jì)貧法強(qiáng)迫窮人進(jìn)工廠(chǎng)，而沒(méi)有給他們足夠的錢(qián)在自己的家里謀生。3．A People’s Charter人民憲章There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of 1832 and the New Poor Law. In 1836, a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (a People’s Charter) in 1838, with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points: (1)the vote for all adult males。 (2)voting by secret ballot。 (3)equal electoral districts。 (4)abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament。 (5)payment of members of Parliament。 (6)annual Parliaments, with a General Election every June.1832年的《改革法案》和《新濟(jì)貧法》引起了普遍不滿(mǎn)。1836年，一群技術(shù)工人和小店主組成倫敦工人協(xié)會(huì)。他們于1838年起草了有關(guān)政治要求的憲章（人民憲章），想把它呈送給議會(huì)。憲章有六點(diǎn)內(nèi)容：（1）所有成年男子都有選舉權(quán)；（2）進(jìn)行無(wú)記名投票；（3）劃分認(rèn)輸相等的選區(qū)；（4）廢除議員的財(cái)產(chǎn)資格要求；（5）議員應(yīng)有報(bào)酬；（6）議會(huì)每年六月進(jìn)行大選。4．Results of the Chartist Movement憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)果。Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with tradeunionism. The working class still immature, without the leadership of a political party armed with correct revolutionary theory. The Chartist movement was, however, the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 18581918, although the sixth has never been practical. Lenin said that Chartism was “the first broad, really mass, politically formed, proletar