【正文】 speaking turn: stop vocalizing and reestablish eye contact.? To hold the floor: look to the side.? To relinquish the floor: raise brows and/or lean forward a bit.“使命”的信封，顯示如下：? 獲得說(shuō)話的權(quán)利：打破目光接觸和/或稍微向后傾斜? 一開(kāi)始的發(fā)言：發(fā)出者的含糊不清的話。 《計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)》課程論文13? 停止說(shuō)話：停止發(fā)聲和重新建立眼神的接觸。? 演講：看著一邊。? 結(jié)束演講：提高眉毛和/或稍微向前傾斜。Blinking tends to occur at the end of a vocalization.閃爍往往一個(gè)發(fā)聲結(jié)束后出現(xiàn)。. Vocal turntaking experiments 聲音開(kāi)啟試驗(yàn)To investigate Kismet’s turntaking performance during protodialogs, we invited four naive subjects to interact with Kismet. Subjects ranged in age from 12 to 28 years old. Two male and two female subjects participated. In each case, the subject was simply asked to carry on a “play” conversation with the robot. The exchanges were video recorded for later analysis and annotated according to Table 1. The subjects were told that the robot neither speaks nor understands English, but babbles in a characteristic manner. Due to space limitations here, only a small portion of the protodialog carried out by Subject C (a female subject) is presented in Appendix A. The time codes are those that appear on the videotape used to record the sessions. A turn is defined with respect to the speaker who holds the floor and consists of four phases: acquire the floor (Aq), start the utterance (St), stop the utterance (Sp), and relinquish the floor (Rq). The speaker may also hold the floor (Hd), ., maintain their speaking role during a silent pause.在原對(duì)話框里面探討“使命”的話輪轉(zhuǎn)換表現(xiàn)，我們邀請(qǐng)了四個(gè)自然主體與“使命”互動(dòng)。受試者的年齡從 12 歲到 28 歲。兩個(gè)男的和兩個(gè)女的受試者參加。在每一種情況下，主體只是要求進(jìn)行與機(jī)器人 “玩”的對(duì)話。根據(jù)表1，為了之后的分析和注釋，交流的內(nèi)容被錄像機(jī)錄制下來(lái)了。受試者被告知說(shuō)機(jī)器人既不說(shuō)話也不懂英語(yǔ)，但在一個(gè)獨(dú)特的方式下牙牙學(xué)語(yǔ)。由于空間的限制，只有主體 C（女性主體）進(jìn)行的原對(duì)話的一小部分是出現(xiàn)在附錄 A 中。時(shí)間碼即那些用于記錄會(huì)話的錄像帶。一個(gè)回合就誰(shuí)擁有地板揚(yáng)聲器的定義包括四個(gè)階段：獲取地板（AQ） ，啟動(dòng)話語(yǔ)（ST） ，停止話語(yǔ)（SP） ，并且放棄地板（RQ） 。發(fā)言人還可以把地板（HD） ，即，一種無(wú)聲停頓期間保持他們的說(shuō)話的角色。Table 1. Annotations for protodialog experiments (see Appendix A for sample of annotated video)表 1。原對(duì)話框?qū)嶒?yàn)注釋（見(jiàn)附錄一注釋的視頻樣本） 《計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)》課程論文14Type Option AnnotationsListener, speaker Human HRobot RTurn phase Acquire floor AqStart speech StStop speech SpHold floor HdRelinquish floor RqCue Avert gazeEye contactElevate browsLean forwardLean backBlink“Utterance”Turns Clean turn Interrupt IMissed MPause P. Evaluation 評(píng)價(jià)We evaluate these human–robot interactions with respect to three criteria. These are inherently subjective, yet quantifiable, measures that evaluate the quality and ease of interaction between human and robot. They address the behavior of both partners, human and robot. The evaluation criteria are as follows:我們?cè)u(píng)估這些人與機(jī)器人之間的相互作用方面的三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這些都是主觀的和可以計(jì)量的對(duì)人類與機(jī)器人之間的相互作用的測(cè)量。他們專注于人類與機(jī)器人雙方的行為。評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下： 《計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)》課程論文15? Do people intuitively read and naturally respond to Kismet’s social cues?? Can Kismet perceive and appropriately respond to these naturally offered cues?? Does the human adapt to the robot, and the robot adapt to the human, in a way that benefits the interaction? Specifically, is the resulting interaction natural, intuitive, and enjoyable for the human。 can Kismet perform well despite its perceptual, mechanical, behavioral, and putational limitations?? 人們能直觀讀取和自然回應(yīng)命運(yùn)的社會(huì)線索嗎？?“使命”能感知和妥善應(yīng)對(duì)這些自然提供的線索嗎？? 是人類適應(yīng)機(jī)器人，和機(jī)器人適應(yīng)人類，在某種程度上有利于相互作用？具體 地說(shuō)，相互作用產(chǎn)生的使人自然的，直觀的，和愉快的；除了機(jī)械，行為，和 計(jì)算的限制， “使命”能很好地表現(xiàn)嗎？Often the subjects begin the session by speaking longer phrases and only using the robot’s vocal behavior to gauge their speaking turn. They also expect the robot to respond immediately after they finish talking. Before the subjects adapt their behavior to the robot’s capabilities, the robot is more likely to interrupt them. For instance, it is often the case that the robot interrupts them within the first couple of exchanges. In general, there tends to be more frequent delays in the flow of “conversation” where the human prompts the robot again for a response. Often these “hiccups” in the flow appear in short clusters of mutual interruptions and pauses (often over 2–4 utterances of the speaker) before the turn phases bee coordinated and the flow of the exchange of speaking turns smoothes out. We call these clusters significant flow disturbances.受試者一開(kāi)始經(jīng)常會(huì)說(shuō)較長(zhǎng)的詞組并且只使用機(jī)器人的發(fā)聲行為評(píng)估他們的發(fā)言。他們也希望機(jī)器人在他們說(shuō)完后立即回應(yīng)。在受試者使得他們的行為適應(yīng)機(jī)器人的能力之前，機(jī)器人更容易打斷他們。例如，機(jī)器人通常在第一段對(duì)話中打斷他們。在一般情況下，人類再次提示機(jī)器人回應(yīng)的 “對(duì)話”更加頻繁的延遲響應(yīng)。通常這些“打嗝” 出現(xiàn)在短簇相互中斷和停頓（通常超過(guò) 2–4 話語(yǔ)的說(shuō)話人） ，轉(zhuǎn)前階段成為協(xié)調(diào)和講輪流交換流量平滑。我們稱為這些集群的顯著的流動(dòng)擾動(dòng)。Video analysis of these human–robot “conversations”, provide evidence that 《計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)》課程論文16people entrain to the robot (seeTable 2). They often start to use shorter phrases, wait longer for the robot to respond, and more carefully watch the robot’s turntaking cues. For instance, the robot prompts the person to take their speaking turn by either craning its neck forward, raising its brows, or establishing eye contact when it is ready for them to speak. It will hold this posture for a few seconds until the person responds. Often, within a second of this display, the subject does so. When the subject stops speaking, Kismet tends to lean back to a neutral posture, assume a neutral expression, and perhaps shift its gaze away from the person. This cue indicates that the robot is about to speak. The robot typically issues one utterance, but it may issue several. Noheless, as the exchange proceeds, the subjects are more likely to wait until prompted by the relinquish turn display.這些人–機(jī)器人“對(duì)話”的視頻分析提供的證據(jù)表明，人喜歡機(jī)器人（見(jiàn)表 2） 。他們開(kāi)始使用較短的詞組，花更多的時(shí)間等待機(jī)器人的回應(yīng)和更仔細(xì)地觀察機(jī)器人的轉(zhuǎn)向線索。例如，當(dāng)它們準(zhǔn)備好說(shuō)話，機(jī)器人會(huì)提示人們輪流講話時(shí)伸長(zhǎng)脖子向前，抬起眉毛，或建立目光接觸。它將保持這個(gè)姿勢(shì)幾秒鐘直到人們作出反應(yīng)。通常，一秒鐘內(nèi)機(jī)會(huì)顯示主題的內(nèi)容。當(dāng)主體停止說(shuō)話， “使命傾向于回到中立姿態(tài)，假設(shè)一個(gè)中立的表達(dá)，并可能改變其目光離開(kāi)的人。這個(gè)線索表明機(jī)器人想說(shuō)話。機(jī)器人話語(yǔ)只是問(wèn)題之一，它也有可能其他更多的問(wèn)題。盡管如此，隨著交換收益，受試者更可能等到被提示要結(jié)束對(duì)話。Table 2. Data illustrating evidence for entrainment of human to robot (as time progresses there are increasing number