【正文】 payment difficulties.為了承擔這項使命，多邊投資擔保機構(gòu)向投資者提供擔保以防范非商業(yè)性風險，向發(fā)展中成員國政府提供咨詢，并為國際商業(yè)界與東道國政府就投資問題安排對話。To carry out this mandate, MIGA offers investors guarantees against nonmercial risks。 supply advice to developing member governments, and sponsors a dialogue between the international business munity and host governments on investment issues.Lesson 19 對外直接投資是國際投資的主要方式，一國居民為進行督控和經(jīng)營能過對外投資獲取另一國的資產(chǎn)。Foreign direct investment is the major form of international investment, whereby residents of one country acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.控制成本是一些企業(yè)進行對外投資的主要動機之一。而降低生產(chǎn)成本是考慮的一個重要方面。Controlling cost is the first major motivation for engaging in FDI. And lowering production costs is an important consideration.直接在國外經(jīng)營提高一個公司產(chǎn)品的能見度，使當?shù)乜蛻魧λ麄兯徺I的商品更加放心。Operating directly abroad enhances the visibility of a firm’s products, making local customers feel more assured about the things they buy.即時庫存管理系統(tǒng)的引進能最大限度地降低庫存從而提高經(jīng)營效率。The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimize the inventory to increase efficiency.國外直接投資主要有三種形式：建立新企業(yè)、購買現(xiàn)有設放和建立合資公司。FDI is mainly practised in three forms: building new enterprises, purchasing existing facilities and forming joint ventures.Lesson 20 選擇權(quán)是指在特定的時間內(nèi)按規(guī)定的價格購買或出售一種證券的權(quán)利。Options are contracts giving the right to buy and sell a security at an agreed price within a particular period of time.未掛牌證券市場是為了滿足已經(jīng)確立了地位的，但是較小的，而且不太成熟的公司的需求而建立的。The Unlisted Securities Market is created to meet the needs of established, but smaller, less mature panies政府滿足公共部門借貸需求的方法之一就是出售金邊證券。One of the ways the government meets the Public Sector Borrowing Requirement is by selling giltedged stocks.通過為證券的發(fā)行和交易提供中心市場，股票交易所長期為政府、工業(yè)以及投資商的需求服務。The Stock Exchange has long served the needs of government, industry and investors in providing the central market place for the issue and trading of securities國際股票交易所提供了一種途徑，使人們的存款能夠為那些需要資金的人所利用。The International Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.Lesson 21 關貿(mào)總協(xié)定體系（現(xiàn)為世界貿(mào)易組織）是通過一系列的貿(mào)易談判或回合發(fā)展起來的，它最初有三個基本目標。The GATT system (now WTO) was developed through a series of trade negotiations or rounds it originally had three basic goals.加入世界貿(mào)易組織對中國有益，因為它將促進中國的改革和發(fā)展，提高商品和服務質(zhì)量，降低商品成本和服務費用，刺激投資和創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會，改善法則。China’s WTO accession will benefit China because it will help advance its reform and development, improve the quality and reduce the cost of goods and services, spur investment and the creation of news jobs, and promote the rule of law.世界貿(mào)易組織的主要目的是為了促進自由貿(mào)易、進一步減少貿(mào)易壁壘并建立更有效的貿(mào)易糾紛解決機制。The WTO dispute settlement system is the most active one today at the international level and has tremendous importance for the progressive development of international law.WTO爭端解決機制是當今國際水準上的最為活躍的體系而且對國際法的持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重大意義。The WTO dispute settlement system is the most active one today at the international level and has tremendous importance for the progressive development of international law盡管中國取得了很大的成就，但仍然面臨世大的挑戰(zhàn)。一部分挑戰(zhàn)和競爭來自于農(nóng)業(yè)、銀行業(yè)和保險業(yè)，還有一部分來自于一些國家所采取的貿(mào)易保護主義措施。Despite all the achievements, China still faces big challenges. Some of the challenges and petition are from the agricultural sector and banking and insurance industries. And some are caused by the protectionist measures in some countries.Lesson 22 （1）盡管第一次會議沒有制定出具體目標，聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會議的總?cè)蝿帐侵贫?、協(xié)商和實施改善發(fā)展進程的措施。 Although no specific objectives were laid down at the first conference, the general function of UNCTAD is to formulate, negotiate and implement measures to improve the development process. （2）在沒有有效協(xié)議的情況下，一旦出口收入下降，應立即采用強制的自動的補救措施。 In the absence of effective agreements, pulsory and automatic pensatory measures should be introduced as soon as there is a decline in export earnings. （3）實際上西文國家在使低收入國家繁榮起來的同時，其對這些國家的出口將增加，因此也能獲得經(jīng)濟效益。 Indeed, the western nations would also have an economic interest in bringing greater prosperity to the lowine countries, since their exports to these territories would thus be stepped up. （4）國際經(jīng)濟新秩序主要是要求發(fā)達國家提供更多的現(xiàn)金和貿(mào)易方面的優(yōu)惠。 The new international economic order consists mainly in a demand for more cash and trade concessions from the developed countries. （5）貿(mào)易和發(fā)展理事會是聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會議的常設機構(gòu)。 A Trade and Development Board is the permanent organ of the Conference. 寧可累死在路上，也不能閑死在家里！寧可去碰壁，也不能面壁。是狼就要練好牙，是羊就要練好腿。什么是奮斗？奮斗就是每天很難，可一年一年卻越來越容易。不奮斗就是每天都很容易，可一年一年越來越難。能干的人，不在情緒上計較，只在做事上認真；無能的人！不在做事上認真，只在情緒上計較。拼一個春夏秋冬！贏一個無悔人生！早安！—————獻給所有努力的人.學習參