【正文】 en’t noticed. D. I don’t notice.說(shuō)明：對(duì)話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對(duì)方時(shí)正在做的事情.一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表達(dá)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)Tom________ into the house when no one ___________.A. slipped。 was noticing B. had slipped。 noticed C. slipped。 had noticed D. was slipping。 noticed說(shuō)明：slip和notice 為同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此B、C為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，slipped指過(guò)去有結(jié)果的動(dòng)作（他溜進(jìn)去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜進(jìn)去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況（沒(méi)有人注意）。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it.A. wrote。 has finished B. was writing。 has finishedC. was writing。 had finished D. wrote。 will finish說(shuō)明：正確選項(xiàng)為B. 從I don’t know if he has finished ，他去年一直在寫(xiě)。II. 動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu) 成常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu) 成1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are done6過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being done2一般過(guò)去時(shí)was/were done7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has been done3一般將來(lái)時(shí)shall/will be done8過(guò)去完成時(shí)had been done4過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)should/would be done9將來(lái)完成時(shí)will/would have been done5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are being done10含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的can/must/may be done注意事項(xiàng)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not，短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)be going to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢語(yǔ)有一類(lèi)句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示：It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句型：主語(yǔ)（受動(dòng)者）＋be＋過(guò)去分詞＋（by＋施動(dòng)者）：He was scolded by the English teacher.＋get＋過(guò)去分詞＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有“by＋施動(dòng)者”（直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)）的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)閯?dòng)句，其主語(yǔ)可以是直接賓語(yǔ)，也可以是間接賓語(yǔ)。She lent me a bike.174。被動(dòng)：①I(mǎi) was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her).＋be＋過(guò)去分詞：This problem must be worked out in half an hour.：主語(yǔ)＋被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)＋不定式的被動(dòng)式＋其它成分These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the readingroom.The murderer was ordered to be shot.下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義，用以表示主語(yǔ)的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài)。常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞是：cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash等。This knife cuts 。 These books sell 。The pen writes 。 The cloth washes 。Meat won’t keep long in such hot 。＋形容詞。常見(jiàn)動(dòng)look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful.The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft.不可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況 teach myself is taught 。 help each other/one other/One another is helped by 。 lost was lost by him.因?yàn)橄髄ose heart, make a face, keep silence, lose in thought這類(lèi)動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的固定短語(yǔ)只能用于主動(dòng)式，不能用被動(dòng)式。 took part in the sports sports meet was taken part in by her.因?yàn)橄髏ake part in, belong to , own, have, hate, fail, contain等表狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。含有短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中介詞不能丟Much attention must be paid to your handwriting.特別注意以下句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：Every minute must be made full use of to study English.下面詞或短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)態(tài)：leave, enter, reach, bee, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, e about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等七、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法功能所能充當(dāng)?shù)某煞种髡Z(yǔ)表語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)Ving形式現(xiàn)在分詞△△△△動(dòng)名詞△△△△不定式（to do）△△△△△△過(guò)去分詞(done)△△△△注：現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式、過(guò)去分詞都可以作獨(dú)立成分generally speaking一般說(shuō)來(lái)；frankly speaking坦白地說(shuō)；judging from/by...根據(jù)……來(lái)判斷；considering.../taking...into consideration考慮到……；to tell you the truth說(shuō)實(shí)話；seeing...考慮到……；supposing假設(shè)，如果；providing如果；given考慮到，鑒于；provided that如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式變化非謂語(yǔ)形式構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)否定式主動(dòng)被動(dòng)不定式一般式to doto be donefor sb. to do sth.或of sb. to do sth.在“to”前加not或never進(jìn)行式to have doneto have been done完成式to be doing/完成進(jìn)行式to have been doing/動(dòng)名詞一般式doingbeing done’s doing作主語(yǔ)要用sb’s doing在前加not特別注意復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式： sb’s not doing /sb’s not having done完成式having donehaving been done現(xiàn)在分詞與動(dòng)名詞變化形式相同在前加not在解非謂語(yǔ)習(xí)題時(shí)同學(xué)們遇到最大的困難有兩個(gè)：一是如何判別是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞；二是如何選用哪一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞及其恰當(dāng)?shù)男问健Ｒ?、謂語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)的比較非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。漢語(yǔ)中幾個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連用而動(dòng)詞不用作任何形式的變化。如：他明天來(lái)拜訪你。翻譯成英語(yǔ)不是He will e visit you，而是He will e to visit visit。因此同學(xué)們要特別注意弄清句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。例：Tom sat under a tree and seeing his friend, up in no time.A. to stand B. standing C. stood D. would stand分析：stood是與sat并列的謂語(yǔ)。非謂語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法功能的比較 做賓語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞比較情況常用動(dòng)詞只接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resistfeel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to兩者都可以意義基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具體的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為）need, want, require（主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)名詞之間存在邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式）意義相反stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事意義不同remember/forget/regret to do（指動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regret doing（指動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生）go on to do（接著做另外一件事）go on doing（接著做同一件事）try to do（設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力）try doing（試試去做，看有何結(jié)果）mean to do（打算做，企圖做）mean doing （意思是，意味著）can’t help （to） do（不能幫忙做）can’t help doing（忍不住要做）be considered to have done被認(rèn)為已經(jīng)做了consider…to be認(rèn)為是consider doing考慮做某事非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別分 類(lèi)常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí)間概念例 句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主謂關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成I asked to be sent to the countryside.I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make現(xiàn)在分詞notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主謂關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.過(guò)去分詞動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)We found the village greatly changed