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ne how much They may have been improperly awarded.Best: The board is investigating the pensation packages of several executivesin order to determine how much The executives may have been improperly awarded.分析:在第一個句子里,賓格代詞“them”不能指代所有格名詞;在第二個句子里,雖然executives不再是所有格,可以指代,但是“them”的先行詞既可以是executives也可以是packages,指代模糊;第三個句子為了防止以上兩個句子的錯誤,把代詞換成了那個本要被指代的名詞,雖然重復(fù),但是句子正確。千萬要記住,concision(簡潔)是選擇答案最后才考慮的,不是首要考慮的?。?!另外,主要到幾個句子的所有格既可以用’ of.總結(jié):即代詞不能指代 N’s X中的N, 但可以指代 X of N中的N。3. which,that 只能指代物,只有who, whom 才能指代人4. that 和those 指代的是一個new copy of 先行詞,而不是完全相同的指代 Example:The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her children.The executives of her pany are more excellent than those of petitors. 在第一個例句中,that的出現(xiàn),是為了防止重復(fù)使用“the money“, 而不是指代“the money spent by her parents”. 這一點,it,they等代詞卻不同,他們都是指代完全相同的一個事物或人物。在第二個例句中,those指代的是復(fù)數(shù)形式的先行詞的new copies. 表示new copy的時候,Those和That也只能指代物,不能指代人指代new copy,單數(shù)用that,復(fù)數(shù)用those。再如下例:Lacking information about energy use, people tend to overestimate the amount of(A) equipment, such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off andunderestimate that(B) equipment, such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off andunderestimate it when (C) equipment, such as lights, that is visible and must be turned on and off andunderestimate it when (D) visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off andunderestimate that (E) visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off andunderestimate it when 這題B,C,E中it都指代錯誤。It表示完全指代且指代的是原物。簡單的說,這里就是指代: amount used by visible equipment..... 很長的那一串。而that是非完全指代,指代的是new copy。 但是在GMAT中,代詞與先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式是一定要一致的,在new copy中也不例外,如果一定要改變單復(fù)數(shù),就不能使用代詞,而重復(fù)先行詞的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式。Example:Wrong: Her pany is outperforming THOSE OF her petitors.Right: Her pany is outperforming THE COMPANIES OF her petitors. 總結(jié):代詞是指it, its, they, them, their, that, those 以及所有人物代詞(he/his/him, she/her 等)。其中,that和those只有在指代new copy時才使用,所有的事物的代詞都用it, its, they, them, their(這幾個代詞都是完全指代,即不止指代核心名詞還指代其修飾語) 而不能使用 this,that,those,these,這四個代詞只能作為形容詞使用,如:these books。不能單獨指代事物。That和which在引導(dǎo)從句的時候,本身只能指代物而不能指代人。Example:New amp。quot。nanopapersamp。quot。 incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength.(these為adj.) Wrong: Her products are unusual。 many consider THESE unique.Right: Her products are unusual。 many consider THEM unique. 以上代詞“that”特別的復(fù)雜,身兼多職,以下分別說明它在不同情況下的用法: a) 純粹做指示代詞時,that只能和名詞一起使用,不能裸奔b) 在表示new copy時,此時that不是完全指代,且指代單數(shù),復(fù)數(shù)用those指代。 c)d) 當(dāng)that充當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)從句時,和which一樣只能指代物不能指代人。 當(dāng)that的前面是分號的時候,that可以指代前面一整個句子,如下例:OG SC 55: Many house builders offer renttobuy programs。 that enables a family withinsufficient savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing and to apply part of the rent to a purchase later.Ps:which前面加分號也不可以指代一整個句子關(guān)于which指代:a) which是引導(dǎo)限定性從句還是非限定性從句還存在爭議,所以這個點不能作為判斷選項對錯的依據(jù)哦?。?!b) Which在GMAT中不能指代句子,只能指代詞或短語c) Which指代的原則是“盡量就近指代”和“只用來指代句子中的核心成分”,也就是主語和賓語,指代修飾成分容易造成修飾對象邏輯錯誤。如果which可以同時指代前面出現(xiàn)的兩個對象,即謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式正確或者說是語法結(jié)構(gòu)上是正確的,那么就近指代離which比較近的那個對象,這種情況下往往容易出現(xiàn)指代歧義或者違背原文的錯誤。d) Which并不一定只能指代緊跟which的名詞或代詞,在下面情況中也可以跳躍指代:1. Which由于只能指代物,所以如果緊跟其前面的名詞或代詞是人的話,就不符合指代要求,所以要跳躍尋找2. Which和真正修飾對象之間隔著不可移除和變動位置的定語成分,即與修飾對象關(guān)系非常緊密,起關(guān)鍵性限定作用的定語成分時,可以跳躍指代。關(guān)于what(來自網(wǎng)絡(luò),非曼哈頓)u What引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 what在從句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語成分,what的意思相當(dāng)于the thing that/which;而that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時,不充當(dāng)任何成分 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時,what可以在介詞后作賓語,但that前面不可以有介詞(注意in that的情況,in that是連詞,且有特定意義:因為) What和which在引導(dǎo)賓語從句的區(qū)別在于,當(dāng)指代沒有限定范圍時用what,有限定的范圍用which,意為“…中的那個”u What引導(dǎo)的狀語從句貌似很少,最常見的就是比較狀語從句:A is to B what C is to D 1 代詞(高階)u 其他非常用代詞的注意事項1) There“there”其實是副詞,但是它意思為“in that place”有指代的作用,所以把它放到代詞這里來講。因為“there”是副詞,在句子中充當(dāng)狀語成分,因此其指代的地點也只能是做狀語的,所以一般是介詞短語(in+地點名詞)且一定是“地點”的名詞形式。(注意兩點:即名詞作形容詞時,不能指代;place的名詞一定在句中充當(dāng)狀語而非主語或賓語)Example:dug THERE and environmental concerns addressed. be dug THERE and environmental concerns addressed. 另外,There+be句型在GMAT里一般都是wordy,但不是總是wordy,there be強調(diào)的是“這里存在XXXX”,如果句子里需要這樣一種強調(diào),there be就不是多余的,如果句意是為了突出“XXXX干XXXX”或“XXXX有XXXX”等其他的點,再強調(diào)XX的存在性,就是多余的。 2) 反身代詞反身代詞在句子中充當(dāng)賓語,且直接指代句子的主語。所以只有當(dāng)主語發(fā)出的動作的作用對象是主語本身時,才用反身代詞。除了反身代詞,其他代詞在賓語里一律不可以指代本句子主語。3) Such(和other/another意思作用相似,不過更強調(diào)了“類似”“相似”)Such和this,that一樣不能裸奔,后面要搭個名稱來一起指代先行詞,such的意思就是“l(fā)ike the antecedent”For example:After the landuse agreement surfaced, the missiondecided to subject any SUCH contracts to debate in the future.4) One“One”表示其中一個,是泛指,且“one”前面一定有復(fù)數(shù)名詞。 如果“one”改成“them”,說明Roger把所有的巧克力都吃了:After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eatTHEM.“It”是特指同一件單數(shù)事物,one和it不能替換,如果替換了就變成了指代單復(fù)數(shù)不一致了:After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat ONE. IT was delicious, but HE could eat only half of IT.5) Do it amp。amp。 Do so“do so”可以指代一整個動作,包括動詞+動詞的賓語+修飾語。 Quinn did not eat dinner quickly, but her brother DID SO.分析:例句中,“did so”指代整個“eat dinner quickly”“do it”中的“it”只可以指代名詞先行詞以及該名詞的修飾語,it是整體指代,但沒有so更整體:Quinn failed to do the homework, but her brother did IT.