【正文】 e measure to prevent brain trauma, infective disease, high fever and so on. Identification and Elimination of Factors The elimination of factors that cause seizures requires the identification and treatment of structural or physiologic abnormalities discovered in the examination. Examples include removal of an operable brain tumor or vascular malformation, treatment of infectionsPart 6: Prevention and Treatment of Epilepsy The need for medication to be taken regularly should be stressed, and the patient advised of the risk of withdrawal seizures if medication is abruptly withdrawal. According to the specific type of seizure disorder and toxic side effects of the drugs, the choice of antiepileptic drugs should be done. Principles of Anticonvulsant Therapy★Part 6: Prevention and Treatment of Epilepsy Principles of Anticonvulsant TherapyEthosuximide(乙琥胺 ) Valproate(丙戊酸 ) * Phenytoin(苯妥因 ) Barbiturate(巴比妥 )Carbamazepine(卡馬西平卡馬西平 )* Primidone (撲癇酮 ) Lamotrigine(拉莫三嗪 ) Topomax(妥泰 ) Garbapentin(加巴噴丁 ) Levetiracetam（ 左乙拉西坦）Oxcarbazepine(奧卡西平） Zonisamide（唑尼沙胺）Vigabatrin(/喜保寧 ) Felbamate(非氨酯）Part 6: Prevention and Treatment of EpilepsyTable 4 The Choice of Antiepileptic Drugs Seizure Type First Second AS Ethosuximide/Valproate, Lamotrigine PGTCS Valproate Carbamazepine Phenytoin PGTCS+AS Valproate Lamotrigine, Clonizepine TS Carbamazepine Phenytoin Barbiturate CS Valproate Lamotrigine SPS Carbamazepine Phenytoin Barbiturate SPSSGTCS Carbamazepine Phenytoin Barbiturate CPS Carbamazepine Primidone ValproatePart 6: Prevention and Treatment of Epilepsy The drug is usually started at a low dose, which is gradually increased until either the seizures are controlled, or toxic effects are experienced by the patient. The antiepileptic drug levels should be monitored. Treatment is begun with monotherapy. The advantages of monotherapy are fewer side effects, no drug interactions, reduced cost of medication, reduced teratogenic effects, and improved quality of life.Part 6: Prevention and Treatment of Epilepsy During change of AEDs, after the new drugs are taken (gradually increased or directly to target dosage)， the old drug should be decreased. Regularly taking AEDs is more important for patients to achieve seizure control and avoid status epilepticus.Part 6: Prevention and Treatment of Epilepsy Drugs should be withdrawn slowly over a period of several months (6 months). The duration of treatment is about 4—5 years for GTCS, 8—12 months for AS. The adverse effects of medication should be stressed and treatedThis is allergic reaction with red rash resulted from LTG (1) The patient should be protected from injury during the convulsive episode and placed on a flat, soft surface with side rails up and padded to avoid injury. (2) It is important to ensure adequate respiratory exchange and oxygenation. (3) After convulsion controlled, the patient’s head should be tilted to one side, so that salivation and other secretion may be drained. Generalized Tonic— Clonic Seizure Treatment on The OnsetPart 6: Prevention and Treatment of Epilepsy Treatment on The OnsetPart 6: Prevention and Treatment of Epilepsy Complex Partial Seizure The patient should be protected from injury or damaging the other people. Treatment for Status Epilepticus Efforts should be dirested at ensuring the adequacy of cardiorespiratory function, controlling the clinical and electrical manifestation of seizure activity, treating the underlying cause, and correcting metabolic imbalance occurring as a result of the status.Part 6: Prevention and Treatment of Epilepsy Treatment on The Onset(1)An airway should be inserted and oxygen given.(2)The patient should be protected from injury during the convulsive episode and placed on a flat, soft surface with side rails up and padded to avoid injury.Part 6: Prevention and Treatment of Epilepsy Treatment for Status EpilepticusPart 6: Prevention and Treatment of Epilepsy Treatment for Status Epilepticus(3)Convulsion should be controlled as quickly as possible Firstly, intravenous diazepam (the usual dose in adults being 1020mg children being ) should be administered by slow injection, care being taken to observe for any evidence of respiratory depression. If seizures persist, diazepam iv drip (100mg of diazepam being diluted in 500 cc D5/W and run in at 40 cc/hour) should be administered. Part 6: Prevention and Treatment of Epilepsy Treatment for Status Epilepticus(3) Convulsion should be controlled? If seizures continue, phenobarbital iv drip or paraldehyde rectal administration or chloral hydrate nasogastric dministration should be treated.Part 6: Prevention and Treatment of Epilepsy Treatment for Status Epilepticus(4) It is important to ensure adequate respiratory exchange and oxygenation. If existence of respiratory depression, the patient should be intubated. (5) The plication with status