【正文】 0。:publicwelfareofpeopleSubbysub(socialgoal)education,energy,environment,medicalcare2,前提分析對該 issue的前提進行分析 ,assumptions,什么是assumptions?如 :Assumption蘇格拉底是人每個人都會死 蘇格拉底會死例 1,題庫 31Societyshouldmakeeffortstosaveendangeredspeciesonlyifthepotentialextinctionofthosespeciesistheresultofhumanactivities.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscussyourviewsonthepolicyandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderthepossibleconsequencesofimplementingthepolicyandexplainhowtheseconsequencesshapeyourposition.是否合理基于一個前提 :作者假設有些物種的滅絕是人為的,有些不是 ,但我們的知識根本無法判斷哪些人為 ,哪些不是 .保護瀕臨動物的代價；1，物競天擇，有些弱小動物本來就應該被淘汰；2，沒有人能夠選擇保護什么樣的動物，我們不能靠自己的喜好，覺得海啄比臭蟲更值得保護 ,而且科學家也很難達成一致 。3,成本高 ,而這個成本可以用于處理一些社會更需要的問題 .例題 2,題庫 3Educationalinstitutionshavearesponsibilitytodissuadestudentsfrompursuingfieldsofstudyinwhichtheyareunlikelytosucceed.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaim.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,besuretoaddressthemostpellingreasonsand/orexamplesthatcouldbeusedtochallengeyourposition.前提條件為 :教育機構(gòu)有能力判斷學生學習什么專業(yè)能獲得成功 。但是 :1,現(xiàn)在成功不等于未來一定成功 。2,現(xiàn)在不成功不等于未來一定不成功 。3,分數(shù)標準也并不可靠 .3)充分必要分析所謂充分必要條件就是 :issue認為A導致了 B,如果你不同意這個觀點 ,可以分析 A不必然導致 B,即除了 A還有別的因素也能導致 B。這就是充分必要分析 .比如 :只有政府應該支持藝術(shù)政府不必然要支持藝術(shù) 。言外之意 :不是一定要政府來支持藝術(shù) .言外之意 :再舉例 :如 :失敗會帶來成功 .失敗不必然帶來成功 。不是一定只有失敗才能帶來成功例題 1,題庫 12Governmentsshouldofferafreeuniversityeducationtoanystudentwhohasbeenadmittedtoauniversitybutwhocannotaffordthetuition.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscussyourviewsonthepolicyandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderthepossibleconsequencesofimplementingthepolicyandexplainhowtheseconsequencesshapeyourposition.政府是否應該讓被錄取但付不起學費的學生免費上大學 .充分必要分析如下 :1,不必要完全免費 ,可以采取多樣化的形式 ,如 :考慮學生的成績和未來在本科階段的表現(xiàn) ,再逐年決定是否給予資助 。給學生獎學金的多少也可以具體情況具體分析2,不是只有政府為學費買單，可以有企業(yè)獎學金，學校獎學金，院系獎學金，校友或者某些團體獎學金，甚至還有一些有償服務，包括勤工儉學，助教助研；提綱：負評價的一個具體段落的提綱othermethodscansolvetheproblem.1,unnecessarilyofferafreeuniversityeducation,otherfundingsystemsconsidertheacademicperformancetheamountoffellowshipcanvaryOthersponsors:cooperationscholarship。charityfunds例 2:題庫 91Theprimarygoaloftechnologicaladvancementshouldbetoincreasepeople39。sefficiencysothattheyhavemoreleisuretime.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourpositionPrimary,技術(shù)發(fā)展的主要目的一定是增加人們的閑暇時光 ,充分必要分析如下 :還有其他目標：比如生物技術(shù)預防疾病，醫(yī)學研究保證民眾身體安全，工程與化學提高交通，公路，建筑，橋梁建設質(zhì)量，信息技術(shù)促進教育，交流技術(shù)促進民主與和平。提綱： (反對的一個具體理由 )1,othermoreimportantgoals:medicalresearchandpeople’shealthengineeringresearchandthequalityofroads,bridges,architectureinformationresearch:improvethemunicationbetweenpeople部分學生的提綱 :例題Whenoldbuildingsstandongroundthatmodernplannersfeelcouldbebetterusedformodernpurposes,moderndevelopmentshouldbegivenprecedenceoverthepreservationofhistoricbuildings.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.思路Moderndevelopmentshouldbegivenprecedenceoverthepreservationofhistoricbuildings? Contemporaryneedsotherthanthepreservationofhistoricbuildingsaremorecloselyrelatedtopeople’swelfareThepreservationofhistoricbuildingsisalsoamust? Thevalueofhistoricbuildingsissuesmodernpeopleasenseofculturalidentity,withoutwhich,itishardforthemtofindtheirlocationsinthepsychologicalcoordinatesModerndevelopmentandhistoricbuildingpreservationarenotadilemma? Assessthehistoricalvalue? Rebuildhistoricbuildings? Convertthehistoricbuildingformodernuse例題Tobeaneffectiveleader,apublicofficialmustmaintainthehighestethicalandmoralstandards.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.思路Aneffectiveleadershouldmaintainhighestmoralstandards? Apoliticalsystembuiltonmoralityandtrustworthinessiscosteffective? SocietyasawholeprogresstotheidealdirectionTheleader,asaperson,cannotbetrustedtoexercisehighestmoralstandards? Aimpersonalsystemisamusttoreassurethatthebestpartofahuman’sheartiswellprotectedandencouragedPolitics,asagroundfamousforitsmuddinessandchaos,isnotthefieldtoonlyemphasizeonmorality? Theessenceofpoliticsisnothingaboutthestruggleforpowerandbalanceofinterest? Politicalcraftsmanshipisalsoneededtosurvive例題Claim:Thebesttestofanargumentisitsabilitytoconvincesomeonewithanopposingviewpoint.