[高等教育]1natureofpsychology-資料下載頁(yè)
2025-01-19 18:20本頁(yè)面
【正文】 life to elemental parts Cognitive Perspective ? Most interested in human thought and all the processes of knowing, such as attending, thinking, remembering, and understanding, not observable behavior – behavior as partly determined by past experiences but also influenced by an individual’s inner world of thought and imagination about the ways that the world could be – an individual’s subjective reality is more important than the objective reality that behaviorists strive to capture. – often use the puter as a metaphor for the human mind and study higher mental processes such as perception, memory, language use, problem solving, and decision making Evolutionary Perspective ? extends the idea of natural selection to explain how mental abilities evolved over millions of years, just as physical abilities did ? mental processes that might have evolved in response to adaptive problems – early humans may have encountered these problems ? avoiding predators ? finding food ? reproducing ? raising children ? Evolutionary psychology is different from other perspectives – it has a much longer temporal focus (millions of years) than other perspectives Cultural Perspective ? Cultural psychologists investigate crosscultural differences in the causes and consequences of behavior – how cultural groups differ on standard measures of mental processes – what new measures and concepts might more accurately capture and describe the mental life of various cultural groups ? American psychology – white, middleclass college students as the subject matter of psychology ? a) Important concepts investigated by cultural psychologists include ? perceptions, human development, emotions, social norms, and the ? notion of “the self”. ? b) Cultural psychologists point out that psychological principles derived ? from one cultural group cannot be automatically applied to other ? cultural groups. A famous example of this is the application of ? psychodynamic principles, based on the traditional western roles of ? mothers and fathers, to the Trobriand Islanders of New Guinea, for ? whom parenting roles are much different and the mother is the main ? authority figure.
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