【正文】
理體系、配備具有專業(yè)知識(shí)的員工外,管理者要做到存貨的“五大管理”。它們分別是庫存周轉(zhuǎn)管理、高庫存管理、缺(斷)貨管理、商品損耗管理、商品實(shí)地盤點(diǎn)管理。管理庫存不僅要管好商品,更要管控?fù)p耗;不僅要提高庫存的周轉(zhuǎn),也要時(shí)刻關(guān)注缺、斷貨對銷售與毛利帶來的影響。商品的庫存管理時(shí)一項(xiàng)長期的工作,大型零售連鎖超市的管理者們應(yīng)對商品做到事前的計(jì)劃、事中控制、時(shí)候跟蹤。下面,筆者經(jīng)過總結(jié),給大型連鎖超市的管理者幾點(diǎn)建議:(一)完善超市的內(nèi)部會(huì)計(jì)控制制度 完善超市的內(nèi)部會(huì)計(jì)控制制度對沃爾瑪連鎖超市的存貨管理具有非?;A(chǔ)性的作用,離開了行之有效的內(nèi)部會(huì)計(jì)控制制度,一切強(qiáng)化管理都是空談。因此要加強(qiáng)沃爾瑪連鎖超市的存貨管理,必須嚴(yán)格規(guī)定存貨的購進(jìn)計(jì)價(jià)方法、發(fā)出方法、盤存方法,并嚴(yán)格按照企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則的規(guī)定,存貨計(jì)價(jià)方式一經(jīng)確定不得隨意變更。 (二)加強(qiáng)崗位負(fù)責(zé)制度的建設(shè) 針對超市員工職責(zé)分工不明確的情況,我們可以通過加強(qiáng)崗位負(fù)責(zé)制的建設(shè),把責(zé)任細(xì)分到各個(gè)柜組,建立獎(jiǎng)懲制度,以明確職責(zé),并把它作為績效考評的一項(xiàng)重要內(nèi)容。同時(shí)可以設(shè)立“陽光平臺(tái)”,讓顧客們選出最好的促銷員,由促銷員們選出最能干的理貨員,層層選出。同時(shí)員工之間可以互相監(jiān)督。 (三)完善存貨盤點(diǎn)制度 針對ABC三類存貨的不同特點(diǎn),采用不同的財(cái)產(chǎn)清查制度。如對于A類存貨采用永續(xù)盤存制,購進(jìn)與銷售均在賬簿上進(jìn)行登記,對于BC類存貨因?yàn)閿?shù)量較多可采取實(shí)地盤存制,但每個(gè)柜組均有專人進(jìn)行負(fù)責(zé)。每到期末必須嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行盤點(diǎn)制度,柜組的管理人員必須對自己的柜組負(fù)責(zé)。針對不同的資產(chǎn),確定盤點(diǎn)人員。由資產(chǎn)保管人員、記錄人員、內(nèi)部查賬人員、單位或得到授權(quán)部門的負(fù)責(zé)人員共同組成盤點(diǎn)小組,以確保盤點(diǎn)結(jié)果的客觀、準(zhǔn)確。盤點(diǎn)前,應(yīng)做好各項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)備工作,包括盤點(diǎn)表、盤點(diǎn)器具的準(zhǔn)備,盤點(diǎn)具體時(shí)間的安排等;盤點(diǎn)過程中,應(yīng)合理分工,確定操作人員、監(jiān)視人員、復(fù)查人員職責(zé)。通過對盤點(diǎn)結(jié)果的抽查,確保盤點(diǎn)結(jié)果的相對準(zhǔn)確,并對盤點(diǎn)所查明的問題應(yīng)得到有關(guān)部門的核準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行調(diào)整處理 給投資者的建議投資者在確定要投資某家大型連鎖超市時(shí),要事先對被投資企業(yè)進(jìn)行多方渠道的了解。投資者可以去被投資企業(yè)的多家分店進(jìn)行考察、可以通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)了解該被投資企業(yè)的信息。但是,最重要的是,投資者要仔細(xì)研究被投資企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表并對財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表中的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,了解被投資企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)狀況、經(jīng)營收入和現(xiàn)金流量等的情況。第六章 總結(jié)通過本次論文的撰寫,筆者進(jìn)一步了解了存貨管理的重要性,存貨是企業(yè)最重要的資產(chǎn),一般來講,一個(gè)企業(yè)的存貨量占企業(yè)總資產(chǎn)的20%左右,占流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)總額的40%—60%,存貨的確認(rèn)、計(jì)量、披露對于公司的財(cái)務(wù)狀況、經(jīng)營成果及信息質(zhì)量等都有著重大的影響。所以,企業(yè)對存貨是否進(jìn)行了有效的管理直接影響著企業(yè)的生存與發(fā)展。特別是對大型零售連鎖超市,存貨占了超市流動(dòng)資金的很大一部分,更要加強(qiáng)存貨的管理。存貨管理的方法有很多,各大型連鎖超市應(yīng)該根據(jù)自身企業(yè)的特點(diǎn)選擇最佳的存貨管理方法。加強(qiáng)對大型連鎖超市存貨的管理不僅需要大型連鎖超市管理者的參與,還需要超市每位員工的參與,更需要投資者的參與。希望在未來的日子里,各家大型連鎖超市能更進(jìn)一步完善存貨管理的機(jī)制,找到最適合自己的存貨管理方法,在競爭激烈的零售行業(yè)脫引而出。參考文獻(xiàn) [1]時(shí)曉,基于供應(yīng)鏈運(yùn)作環(huán)境下的存貨管理[M], 2011年[2] 劉麗文,生產(chǎn)與運(yùn)作管理[M],清華大學(xué)出版社 2011年3月[3]李楠,任章璐,林瑩,ABC分類下存貨周轉(zhuǎn)計(jì)算公式修正[J], 《財(cái)會(huì)月刊》2011年第102期[4]劉苗苗,何偉勝,商業(yè)連鎖企業(yè)供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理[M],商務(wù)出版社, 2011年11月[5]于邢香,連鎖超市經(jīng)營管理與實(shí)務(wù)[M],對外貿(mào)易大學(xué)出版社,2010年10月1日[6]金娟、王穎、畢春輝,連鎖超市經(jīng)營管理實(shí)物[M],海天出版社, 2003年9月[7] 夏永紅,李媛媛,基于供應(yīng)鏈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的5R供應(yīng)鏈管理研究[J], 商業(yè)時(shí)代,2011(31) [8]成康康,加強(qiáng)我國中小連鎖超市存貨管理探討[J],現(xiàn)代商貿(mào)工業(yè) (13) [9](美)凱瑟琳 華格納,內(nèi)部會(huì)計(jì)控制規(guī)范[M],侯明新翻譯 [10](美)James ,運(yùn)作管理[M] ,龔藝萍翻譯 [11] YU XU,Analysis of the Influence of Inventory Valuation Methods on Enterprise [J],2012年4月28日 [12]王延志 企業(yè)存貨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理探討[J], 現(xiàn)代商業(yè)2009(03) [13]董雪燕,淺談存貨管理[J],經(jīng)濟(jì)師2009(12) [14]朱雅霜,加強(qiáng)存貨管理防范企業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[J],現(xiàn)代商業(yè)2009(06) [15]Trenholm, B and Arcelus, F,2010 Accounting valuation methods Strucring an understructured problem Accounting Horizons[J], 3(3) 8289 [16] SASInstltute 2011 NC Caryfed, SAS User’s Gulde , Verslon 5 SAS Instltute[M]附 錄外文文獻(xiàn)原文:The Company values inventories at the lower of cost or market as determined primarily by the retail method of accounting, using the lastin, firstout (“LIFO”) method for substantially all of the Walmart . segment’s merchandise inventories. The retail method of accounting results in inventory being valued at the lower of cost or market since permanent markdowns are currently taken as a reduction of the retail value of inventory. The Sam’s Club segment’s merchandise is valued based on the weightedaverage cost using the LIFO method. Inventories for the Walmart International operations are primarily valued by the retail method of accounting and are stated using the firstin, firstout (“FIFO”) method. At January 31, 2011 and 2010, our inventories valued at LIFO approximated those inventories as if they were valued at FIFO.Under the retail method, inventory is stated at cost, which is determined by applying a costtoretail ratio to each merchandise grouping’s retail FIFO costtoretail ratio is based on the initial margin of beginning inventory plus the fiscal year purchase activity. The costtoretail ratio for measuring any LIFO reserves is based on the initial margin of the fiscal year purchase activity less the impact of any markdowns. The retail method requires management to make certain judgments and estimates that may significantly impact the ending inventory valuation at cost, as well as the amount of gross profit recognized. Judgments made include recording markdowns used to sell through inventory and shrinkage. When management determines the salability of inventory has diminished, markdowns for clearance activity and the related cost impact are recorded at the time the price change decision is made. Factors considered in the determination of markdowns include current and anticipated demand, customer preferences and age of merchandise, as well as seasonal and fashion trends. Changes in weather patterns and customer preferences related to fashion trends could cause material changes in the amount and timing of markdowns from year to year. When necessary, the Company records a LIFO provision for a quarter for the estimated annual effect of inflation, and these estimates are adjusted to actual results determined at yearend. Our LIFO provision is calculated based on inventory levels, markup rates and internally generated retail price indices. At January 31, 2011 and 2010, our inventories valued at LIFO approximated those inventories as if they were valued at FIFO.The Company provides for estimated inventory losses (“shrinkage”) between physical inventory counts on the basis of a percentage of sales. The provision is adjusted annually based on historical results to reflect the estimated trend of the actual physical inventory count results.As discussed in Note 2, effective May 1, 2010, the Company changed the level at which it applies the retail method for valuing its inventory for its operations in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico. The retrospective application of this accounting change impacted both segment and consolidated operating ine, as well as consolidated net ine for all parable periods presented.文獻(xiàn)來源:2011 WALMART Supermarket financial statements.中文翻譯:在會(huì)計(jì)的零售法下,公司的存貨的計(jì)價(jià)采用成本與市價(jià)孰低法。使用后進(jìn),先出法(“后進(jìn)先出”)基本上成為了所有的沃爾瑪美國分部的商品庫存的計(jì)價(jià)方法。在庫存商品成本較低或者市場自持續(xù)降價(jià)的會(huì)計(jì)零售法下,目前作為減少銷售商品零售價(jià)值的零售價(jià)格法。山姆俱樂部分部的商品是基于使用加權(quán)平均成本價(jià)值的后進(jìn)先出法。沃爾瑪國際業(yè)務(wù)的存貨主要使用先出(FIFO)的會(huì)計(jì)零售計(jì)價(jià)法。在2011年1月31日和2010年,我們的存貨采用后進(jìn)先出法與如果我呢邊采用先進(jìn)先出法的結(jié)果幾乎一致。在零售價(jià)格法下,存貨通過成本零售率對每種商品的零售價(jià)確定分組。先進(jìn)先出法下的成本零售比率是根據(jù)期初的庫存商品價(jià)值加上財(cái)政年度采購商品的初始保證金。用于測量所有LIFO儲(chǔ)備零售成本基于財(cái)政年的成本零售比的初始保證金不任何降價(jià)的影響。零售方法需要管理層作出一定的判斷和估計(jì),可以顯著影響期末存貨按成本計(jì)價(jià),以及大量的