【正文】 iciency of the international division of labor and use it to the benefit of its own economic development. Alas, this model worked well for the East Asia Tigers whereas its application has led to serious problems in China. The implication is China39。s growth momentum and excessive dependence on international market is unparalleled in the world39。s economic history. Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong did experience a short period of rapid growth, but caught up fast with other industrialized countries. It must be remembered that the economic scale of these nations or regions was small to begin with. The world has indeed witnessed large economies, such as the . evolving from secondary developed nation into a leading nation. But, the . has a relatively stable domestic market with a relatively constant market demand. On the other hand, given the low wages of China39。s laborers, the purchasing power has remained low and consumption demand has not materialized. For two reasons, the parative advantage model cannot be successful in China. On the one hand, China39。s zealous pursuit of parative advantage leads to over production in some industries and, as a result, the goods it produces bee too cheap. On the other hand, China does not have a mature domestic market that creates the demand to sustain its economy. Therefore, China39。s goods must be sold in overseas markets. China39。s imports and exports represent such an immense share of the world trade that its prices distort the world market. It should be noted that China has concentrated its import and export trade to a few countries and regions, namely the ., Japan, and the EU. These three account for around 50 percent of its total trade volume. So, any goods that China dumps into these three markets will create pressure that may not be sustained for long. China relies on the demand in foreign markets to support its economy and to provide for its immense cheap labor. Such reliance may work for a period of time, but in the long run, it will conflict with the interests of other countries. The trade war on textiles is only the beginning of such frictions, as the over supply of Chinese goods will surely cause a tilted market. 譯文二 中國的外貿體制 China Political, May, 2003.Grant Bow, PartnerRichard Wang amp。 Co. Law Offices對外貿易是指貨物、技術進出口的經營活動，以及國際服務貿易。體制和管理結構，以及有關的法律和經濟機制，構成了外貿體制。中國外貿制度的演變從中國建國時起，國家外貿體制發(fā)生了一系列的變革。它以高度集中的壟斷開始，所有的進口和出口是由專門的國家貿易公司處理的，它們根據嚴格的規(guī)劃管理系統(tǒng)運作。中國對外開放后，采取一些分權的措施，一種更加激勵的承包制進入了外貿體系。在20世紀90年代初期，這些外貿企業(yè)發(fā)生了根本性的變化，他們第一次可以保留其外匯收入的一部分，同時，完全切斷財政補貼，因此要完全為自身的利潤和損失負責。鐵飯碗不復存在。1994年，中國頒布了第一個外貿法。該法律奠定了這個國家全新外貿體系的基本結構——一個統(tǒng)一的系統(tǒng)，配備了所有對外貿易經營者，包括配額、許可證管理和代理制度的規(guī)定。外貿體系的演變的此時，正是中國經濟日益受到市場力量影響的時刻。配額和許可證體系進出口配額和許可證制度，是中國外貿管理的重要行政措施。在計劃經濟時代，許可證主要發(fā)給那些非外貿企業(yè)的政府部門，使它們進口少量用于特定用途，如科研、教育和公共衛(wèi)生，或出口少量的非貿易商品。隨著中國的外貿體制改革的深化，許多新公司在各地區(qū)和各部門下興起，開展外貿業(yè)務。此時配額和許可證被更廣泛地用于加強政府的控制、維持對外交易的秩序，尤其是進口。在過去10年，特別過去5年，中國逐步放寬了對進口的控制。它已取消對于大部分之前需要許可能才能進口的產品的進口配額和許可證的控制，僅對于一些需要特殊關照的嬰兒產業(yè)保留了進口許可證的控制。這表明，中國的進口管理體制正在與根據有關國際貿易規(guī)則進行平穩(wěn)的改革。外貿代理制外貿代理制是與中國外貿發(fā)展改革同時出現的一項重要措施。它在1984年首次推出，在1988年廣泛實施，這一制度與對外貿易經營者的嚴格要求同時并存。由于大多數國內商品供應者和接受者未獲得對外貿易經營的許可，他們需要保留在中國的對外貿易經營者服務，從而以自己的名義進行外貿企業(yè)。交易權利中國的貿易體制有可能會有更宏偉的變化。中國已為加入世界貿易組織（WTO）做出了逐步開放可用性和貿易權范圍的承諾。作為外貿體制改革的結果，更多的中國企業(yè)已被授予有權在中國進出口貨物。自1999年以來，私營企業(yè)的一小部分已被授予交易權。此外，外商投資企業(yè)（外資企業(yè)）在中國獲準了進口用于它們自己用途的非生產貨物，或必要的設備、原材料和其他用于生產的產品，或按照企業(yè)的業(yè)務范圍出口自己生產的貨物。當這些承諾在中國加入的三年后得到落實時，所有企業(yè)，國內或國外，將有權在整個對中國關稅領土進口和出口所有商品（除國營貿易企業(yè)為進口和出口預留的產品）。新體系的形成本月，中國的外貿體制剛剛發(fā)生了一個很大的轉變。第十屆人民代表大會，即國家最高立法機構，通過了一項國務院提交的重組計劃，根據該計劃，對外貿易經濟合作部（MOFTEC）已經從政府各部委提交的名單上被除名。新增加的商務部將授權行使原國家經貿委和外經貿部在國內和國外市場上的職能。此前，中國表示其目標是建立一個規(guī)范的出口退稅制度，完善金融支持體系，重點關注出口信貸和出口信用保險。這些努力表明中國改革和建立一個新的外貿系統(tǒng)的決心，這不僅符合國際貿易規(guī)則的要求，而且還與中國的市場環(huán)境和國家利益相一致。附原文China’s Foreign Trade SystemGrant Bow, PartnerRichard Wang amp。 Co. Law OfficesForeign trade refers to the business activities of import and export of goods and technologies, as well as the international service trade. The institutional and management structures, along with relevant legal and economic mechanism, constitute the foreign trade system.The Evolution of China’s Foreign Trade SystemSince the founding of People’s Republic of China, the country’s foreign trade system has undergone a series of reforms. It started with a hi