【正文】 on may bee recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, line such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although (5) there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders.” It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in mon。 (10) rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Furthermore, although it is monly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the pletion (15) of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done.” Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective wellbeing of a social group?s member. Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members (20) expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group?s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to (25) others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor ,and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members。 instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote distant respect. 小馬過河 7 does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The problems faced by leaders (B) How leadership differs in small and large groups (C) How social groups determine who will lead them (D) The role of leaders in social groups 42. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can bee leaders EXCEPT (A) recruitment (B) formal election process (C) specific leadership training (D) traditional cultural patterns 43. In mentioning “natural leaders” in lines 89, the author is making the point that (A) few people qualify as “natural leaders” (B) there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist (C) “natural leaders? are easily accepted by the members of a social group (D) “natural leaders” share a similar set of characterisitics of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2? (A) A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group. (B) Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person. (C) A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership. (D) Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications. passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on (A) ensuring harmonious relationships (B) sharing responsibility with group members (C) identifying new leaders (D) achieving a goal word “collective” in line 17 is closest in meaning to (A) necessary (B) typical (C) group (D) particular word “them” in line 19 refers to (A) expressive leaders (B) goals of the group (C) group members (D) tension and conflict 48. A “secondary relationship” mentioned in line 22 between a leader and the members of a group could best be characterized as (A) distant (B) enthusiastic (C) unreliable (D) personal word “resolve” in line 27 is closest in meaning to (A) avoid repeating (B) talk about (C) avoid thinking about (D) find a solution for 50. Paragraphs 3 and 4 anize the discussion of leadership primarily in term of (A) examples that illustrate a problem (B) cause and effect analysis (C) narration of events (D) parison and contrast