【正文】 res are only indirect indicators of the infant39。s perceptual abilities.12. Paragraph 5 indicates that researchers who used the techniques described in the passage discovered that○infants find it difficult to perceive some types of stimuli○neonates of only a few days cannot yet discriminate between stimuli○observational assessment is less useful for studying infant perception than researchers previously believed○a neonate is able to perceive stimuli better than researchers once thought1423 Paragraph 2: From north to south in the Yucatan Peninsula, where the Maya lived, rainfall ranges from 18 to 100 inches (457 to 2,540 millimeters) per year, and the soils bee thicker, so that the southern peninsula was agriculturally more productive and supported denser populations. But rainfall in the Maya homeland is unpredictably variable between years。 some recent years have had three or four times more rain than other years. As a result, modern farmers attempting to grow corn in the ancient Maya homelands have faced frequent crop failures, especially in the north. The ancient Maya were presumably more experienced and did better, but nevertheless they too must have faced risks of crop failures from droughts and hurricanes.3. Which of the following statements about ancient and modem agriculture in the Yucatan Peninsula is supported by paragraph 2?○Modern agricultural methods have solved many of the ancient problems of farming in the Yucatan Peninsula.○Ancient Mayan farmers may have been somewhat more successful at farming in the Yucatan Peninsula than farmers are today.○Farming today is easier than in the past because environmental changes in the Yucatan Peninsula have increased available rainfall○The Yucatan soils in which ancient farmers worked were richer, more productive, and thicker than they are today.1426 Paragraph 3: Although southern Maya areas received more rainfall than northern areas, problems of water were paradoxically more severe in the wet south. While that made things hard for ancient Maya living in the south, it has also made things hard for modern archaeologists who have difficulty understanding why ancient droughts caused bigger problems in the wet south than in the dry north. The likely explanation is that an area of underground freshwater underlies the Yucatan Peninsula, but surface elevation increases from north to south, so that as one moves south the land surface lies increasingly higher above the water table. In the northern peninsula the elevation is sufficiently low that the ancient Maya were able to reach the water table at deep sinkholes called cenotes, or at deep caves. In lowelevation north coastal areas without sinkholes, the Maya would have been able to get down to the water table by digging wells up to 75 feet (22 meters) deep. But much of the south lies too high above the water table for cenotes or wells to reach down to it. Making matters worse, most of the Yucatan Peninsula consists of karst, a porous spongelike limestone terrain where rain runs straight into the ground and where little or no surface water remains available. 6. Which of the following statements about the availability of water in the Mayan homeland is supported by paragraph 3?○The construction of wells was an unmon practice in both the north and the south because it was too difficult to dig through the karst.○In most areas in the north and the south, rainwater was absorbed directly into the porous karst.○The water table was an important resource for agriculture in both the north and the south of the Yucatan Peninsula.○The lack of surface water in both the north and the south was probably due to the fact that most of it was quickly used up for agricultural purposes.1439 Paragraph 4: Nomadism also subjects pastoralist munities to strict rules of portability. If you are constantly on the move, you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses. Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value such as silks or jewelry). So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of selfsufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor. Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, he’reditary ‘hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most munities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.9. According to paragraph 4, the fact that pastoralist munities are subject to “strict rules of portability” encourages such munities to○relocate less frequently than they would otherwise○have households that are more or less equal in wealth○bee selfsufficient in the manufacture of silk and jewelry ○share large material surpluses with neighboring munities 1613 Paragraph 2: Reliance on trade had several important consequences. Production was generally in the hands of skilled individual artisans doing piecework under the tutelage of a master who was also the shop owner. In these shops differences of rank were blurred as artisans and masters labored side by side in the same modest establishment, were usually members of the same guild and religious sect, lived in the same neighborhoods, and often had assumed (or real) kinship relationships. The worker was bound to the master by a mutual contract that either one could repudiate, and the relationship was conceptualized as one of partnership. 3. According to paragraph 2, how did Middle Eastern shop owners treat their workers? ○Workers were ranked according t