【正文】 Stylistic synonyms: Stylistic synonyms are words which have the same meaning but differ in style, or degree of formality. Some of the stylistic synonyms tend to be more formal, others tend to be casual , and still others are neutral in style. For example: old man, daddy, dad, father, male parent. 3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning: They are words that have the same meaning but express different emotions of the user. The emotions of the user indicate the attitude or bias（偏愛） of the user toward what he is talking about, such as thrifty and miser. 4)Collocational synonyms: Some synonyms differ in their collocation. That is, they go together with different words, for example: accuse . . . of, charge . . . with, rebuke . . . for. 5)Semantically different synonyms: They refer to the synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean. For example, amaze and astound are very close in meaning to the word surprise, but they have very subtle differences in meaning. While amaze suggests confusion and bewilderment, astound suggests difficulty in believing. 六． Explain with examples ―homonymy,‖ ―polysemy,‖ and ―hyponymy.‖答： Homonymy: different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both, but different in meaning. . night—knight, tear v.—tear n., fast a.—fast v. Polysemy: the same one word has more than one meaning. . earth – our pla, or the soil on its surface. Hyponymy: refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. (The general word is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are cohyponyms to each other.) . furniture—table,bed. 第 7 張 歷史語言學(xué)大題 一 What is the purpose or significance of the historical study of language?答： 1) Researches in historical linguistics shed light on prehistoric developments in the evolution of language and the connections of earlier and later variants of the same language and provide valuable insights into the kinship patterns of different languages. 2) The identification of the changes that a particular language has undergone enables us to reconstruct the linguistic history of that language, and thereby hypothesizes its earlier forms from which current speech and writing have evolved. 3) The historical study of language also enables them to determine how non linguistic factors, such as social, cultural and psychological factors, interact over time to cause linguistic change. 二 . What are the characteristics of the nature of language change?語言變化的本質(zhì)有什么特征 答： All living languages change with time and language change is inevitable. As a general rule, language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable degree, regular and systematic. Language change is extensive, taking place in virtually all aspects of the grammar. Although language change is universal, inevitable, and in some cases, vigorous, it is never an overnight occurrence, but a gradual and constant process, often indiscernible to speakers of the same generation. 三． What are the major periods in the history of English?Name major historical event that led to the transition from one period to the 2 個主要階段？ 答： The major periods in the history of English are Old English period (roughly from 449 to 1100), Middle English period(roughly from 1100 to 1500), and Modern English period (roughly from 1500 to the present). Historical Events:THE Old English period began with the invasion of the British Isles by Englishspeaking AngloSaxons from Europe,and ended with the arrival of Norman French invaders historically known as the Norman Middle English period as the result of the cultural influence of the European renaissance movement. 四． Eplain why the word order of Old English is more varies than that of Mordern English?為什么古英語的詞序比現(xiàn)代英語靈活？答： Old English has an elaborate case marking system to show if a constituent is the subject,object,and so on ,of a sentence,while Mordern English has a much weaker system for case marking and therefore has to rely heavily on more rigid word order to indicate grammatical relations. 五． As language changes over time, the meaning of a word may deviate from its original denotation. Discuss the major types of semantic 答： 1） Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word bees more general or inclusive than its historically earlier ） Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word bees less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning. 3）Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related, meaning. 六． Explain the purpose of reconstruction in historical linguistics and the method employed by historical 么？答： Historical linguists aim at establishing, through the method of parative reconstruction, the geic relationship between and among various languages based on the evidence of systematic formmeaning resemblance in cognate items, and thereby to reconstruct the protolanguage of a language family. 七。 What are the most widelyspread morphological changes in the historical development of English?答： The most widelyspread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the loss and addition of affixes. A number of morphological rules in Old English are now lost in Modern English. Some of these rules are about derivational affixes, such as suffixes “ baere” and “ bora” . In Old English an adjective would derive if “ baere” was added to a noun, such as: lust (“pleasure”) + baere lustbaere (“agreeable”) But this rule has been lost in modern English. The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of gender and case marking. 八。 什么是 Grimm 法則？ 答： Jacob Grimm, A German scholar, found a series of consonant shifts that occurred in the hist