【導讀】廈門大學管理學院副院長。–CFE調(diào)查報告總結(jié)的典型手段。–AICPA最新審計準則對舞弊的描述。–SEC前主席ArthurLevitt的觀點。–審計總署的調(diào)查。中國上市公司報表粉飾的典型手段。財務(wù)報表分析框架。–簡要介紹該法案對獨立董事的啟示，特別是與CPA溝通應注意的問題。Enron虛增利潤6億美元,隱瞞負。Xerox虛增利潤15億美元否否7/9. RiteAid虛增利潤22億美元否否7/9. 虛假報表費用包銷篡改支票虛開發(fā)票受賄腐敗偽造工資截留收入挪用資產(chǎn)座支現(xiàn)金。–執(zhí)法部門通報%. 雇員舉報偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)部控制內(nèi)部審計外部審計客戶舉報匿名舉報。常規(guī)舞弊審計制定舞弊防范政策

　　

【正文】 9,106 6,352 20xx 22,528 7,867 2,994 20xx 25,117 9,446 2,185 2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 62 控股權(quán)變動前后的 G公司經(jīng)營業(yè)績 (單位：萬元） %%%%%%%%1998 1999 20xx 20xx主營利潤率 銷售利潤率ROE年度 主 營 利潤率 銷售 利潤率 凈資產(chǎn) 收益率 1998 % % % 1999 % % % 20xx % % % 20xx % % % 2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 63 奧秘所在 —來自分行業(yè)的資料 項目名稱 1998 1999 20xx 20xx 發(fā)電機組：主營業(yè)務(wù)收入 主營業(yè)務(wù)成本 毛利率 5,766 4,654 % 5,872 4,597 % 6,836 6,808 % 6,437 5,852 % 通信產(chǎn)品：主營業(yè)務(wù)收入 主營業(yè)務(wù)成本 毛利率 7,124 5,213 % 10,759 7,336 % 技術(shù)服務(wù)：主營業(yè)務(wù)收入 主營業(yè)務(wù)成本 毛利率 7,777 100% 6,889 426 % 5,258 353 % 蓄電池隔板 主營業(yè)務(wù)收入 機電新材料 主營業(yè)務(wù)成本 及其他： 毛利率 1,988 1,647 % 1,848 1,500 % 1,680 1,367 % 2,667 1,982 % 2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 64 G公司毛利率 %%%%%%%1998 1999 20xx 20xx發(fā)電機組 通信產(chǎn)品 技術(shù)服務(wù) 其他2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 65 G公司案例 ―控股權(quán)變動 =業(yè)績增長” ? 審計問題 – CPA連續(xù)四年均發(fā)表標準無保留意見 – CPA確認技術(shù)服務(wù)收入的依據(jù) ? 技術(shù)服務(wù)合同 – 主要為軟件開發(fā)服務(wù)，一頁紙，開發(fā)周期 3至 6個月 ? 銀行進賬單或函證 – 疑點 ? CPA是否評估該公司是否具有軟件開發(fā)能力？ ? CPA是否審計該公司開發(fā)的軟件或提供的服務(wù)？ ? 軟件服務(wù) 1999年只有收入，沒有成本， 20xx至 20xx年的毛利率也高達 90%以上， CPA為何沒有保持應有的職業(yè)謹慎？ ? CPA是否合理地懷疑這部分收入來源的合法性？ 2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 66 財務(wù)分析框架 ? From Business Activities to Financial Statements Business Activities Operating Activities Investment Activities Financing Activities Accounting System Measure and Report Economic Consequences of Business Activities Financial Statements Managers’ Superior inf. On Business Activities Estimation Errors Distortions fm Managers’ Accounting Choices Business Environment Labor Markets Capital Markets Product Markets Supplier Customers Competitors Business Regulations Accounting Environment Capital Market Structure Contracting amp。 Governance Accounting Conventions And Regulations Tax amp。 Financial Accounting Linkage Thirdparty Auditing Legal System for Accounting Disputes Business Strategy Scope of Business: Degree of Diversification Type of Diversification Competitive Positioning: Cost Leadership Differentiation Key Success Factors and Risk Accounting Strategy Choice of Acctg Policies Choice of Acctg Estimates Choice of Reporting Format Choice of Supplementary Disclosures 2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 67 財務(wù)報表分析框架 ? Doing Business Analysis Using Financial Statements Financial Statements Managers’ superior inf on business activities Noise from estimation errors Distortions from managers’ acctg choices Other Public Data Industry and firm data Outside financial statements Business Application Context Credit analysis Securities analysis Mergers and acquisition analysis Debt/dividend analysis Corporate munication strategy analysis General business analysis Analysis Tools Business Strategy Analysis Generate performance expectations through Industry analysis and petitive strategy Analysis Accounting Analysis Evaluate accounting quality By assessing accounting Policies and estimates Financial Analysis Evaluate performance using ratios And cash flow analysis Prospective Analysis Making forecasts and value Business 2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 68 會計分析 ? Doing Accounting Analysis – Step 1: Identify key accounting policies – Step 2: Access accounting flexibility – Step 3: Evaluate accounting strategy ? Key questions – How do the firm’s accounting policies pare to the norms in the industry? If they are different, is it because the firm’s petitive strategy is unique? – Does management face strong incentives to use accounting discretion for earnings management? – Has the firm changed any of its policies and estimates? What is the justification? What is impact of changes? – Have the firm’s policies and estimates been realistic in the past? – Does the firm structure any significant business transactions so that it can achieve certain accounting objectives? 2020/7/7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 69 會計分析 – Step 4: Evaluate the quality of disclosure ? Key questions – Does the firm provide adequate disclosure to assess the firm’s business strategy and its economic consequences? – Do the footnotes adequately explain the key accounting policies and assumptions and their logic? – Does the firm adequately explain its current performance? (MDamp。A) – If accounting rules and conventions restrict the firm from measuring its