【正文】 ssign a score of 5 to ―strongly agree‖ for positive items and to ―strongly disagree‖ for negative items. ? ? questions and delete questions with low distinguishability 2. Guttman Scale ? Characteristics: ? First, only two options for each item. ? Second, each item with different degree of strength ? Procedures ? List all related questions ? Pretest and assign scores ? Evaluate questions ? Rearrange questions ? 1. 企業(yè)較少出錢讓員工參加學(xué)生 ,但鼓勵員工自費參加學(xué)習(xí) ? ? 同意 ?反對 ? 2. 企業(yè)愿出錢支持那些表現(xiàn)好并打算在本企業(yè)長期工作的員工參加與本職工作相關(guān)的學(xué)習(xí) ? 同意 ?反對 ? ,企業(yè)都愿意在時間和經(jīng)費上給予支持 ? 同意 ?反對 ? ,企業(yè)可以考慮在時間和經(jīng)費方面給予一定的支持 ? 同意 ?反對 ? ? 同意 ?反對 ? ,企業(yè)愿意在經(jīng)費和時間上給予支持 ? ? 同意 ?反對 ? ? ? 同意 ?反對 ? ? ? 同意 ?反對 ? ? 同意 ?反對 strengths and weaknesses of questionnaire method ? 1. Strengths (問卷法的優(yōu)點 ) – Generalizability – Anonymity – Suitable for quantitative analysis ? 2. Weaknesses (問卷法的缺點 ) – Low return rate – Educated respondents – Difficult to monitor Chapter 6 Interview ? types of interview ? procedures and techniques for interview ? selection and training of interviewers types of interview – Interview: a data collection method in which one person (an interviewer) asks questions of another ( a respondent). – interview (結(jié)構(gòu)式訪問） ? Interview with questionnaire or structural questions. – big sample (in contrast with nonstructural interview) 大樣本 – superficial items 項目表面化 – high reliability (in contrast with selfadministered questionnaire ) 信度較高 – suitable for illiterate respondents (適合不識字的調(diào)查對象） 2. Unstructured interview (非結(jié)構(gòu)式訪問 ) ? An unstructured interview is an interaction between an interviewer and a respondent in which the interviewer has a general plan of inquiry but not a specific set of questions that must be asked in particular words and particular order. – without specific set of questions – More flexible :The answers evoked by your initial questions should shape your subsequent ones. – greater depth 3. Colloquia (座談會 ) – Characteristics – Appropriate for understanding event, not facts about individuals – Low generalizability – Participants should be petent to your topic ? Number of participants for a colloquium ? Interviewer should be good at presiding over the colloquium procedures and techniques – 1. Entry stage ? To begin interview : official certificates and informal social ties ? To reduce tension of respondents: create an easy and trust atmosphere ? Solicit cooperation from respondents – 2. Interviewing stage ? Focus on the topic (圍繞問題發(fā)問 ) ? Valuefree (價值中立 ) ? Expression (表情控制 ) – 3. Acplish stage ? How to record interview information:Record on the spot (現(xiàn)場記錄 ) record afterward（事后記錄） ? Leave the field and return selection and training of interviewers ? 1. Selecting interviewers – Special qualifications ? Sex Age Education Localities – General qualifications ? Sincerity and staidness (誠實認真 ) ? Interests and ability (興趣與能力 ) ? Diligence (勤奮 ) 2. Training of interviewers ? Introduction by anizer – Research methods – The project: goals, sample, and etc. ? Read questionnaire ? Pilot interview Chapter 7 Observation ? 1. Definition and categories ? 2. Participant observation and structured observation ? 3. Improving observation definition and categories(1) ? 1. Definition – Observation(觀察法 ), also called field research(田野研究 ), is a social research method that involves the direct observation of social phenomena in their natural settings (get data by sensory ans, . eyes, ears). definition and categories(2) ? Characteristics – 1. with research plan and purposes – 2. get behavioral data (nonoral information) – 3. With the help of scientific facilities – 4. Observe what is happening here and now definition and categories(3) ? 2. Categories ? Participant observation . nonparticipant observation （參與觀察與非參與觀察） ? Structured observation . nonstructured observation （結(jié)構(gòu)式觀察與非結(jié)構(gòu)式觀察） ? Direct observation . indirect observation （直接觀察與間接觀察） – Indirect observation ? Abrased objects （損蝕物） ? Accumulated objects （累積物） participant observation and structured observation(1) ? 1. Participant observation – Enter field （進入現(xiàn)場） – cultivate relations with objects（建立關(guān)系） – Prepare observation plan（準備觀察計劃） – Observe and record （觀察與記錄） – Leave field （離開現(xiàn)場） participant observation and structured observation(2) ? 2. Structured observation – Plan observation objects and dimensions（確定觀察對象和內(nèi)容） – Operationalization of observation items（將觀察內(nèi)容操作化） – Go to field and observe （到現(xiàn)場進行實地觀察） – analyze data quantitatively （對觀察記錄進行統(tǒng)計整理和分析） 3. Improving reliability and validity of observation – Factors influencing reliability and validity of observation ? Hawthorne effect ? Observers’ knowledge, interests, experiences and values ? Complexity of social phenomena ? Limits of observation method: by chance – Improvements ? Improve observation ability ? Better anization ? Take full advantages of modern facilities Chapter 8 Literature Method ? 1. Literature and literature method ? 2. Content analysis ? 3. Advantages and disadvantages of literature method literature and literature method (1) ? 1. Literature ? The body of written work produced by scholars or researchers in a given field. – Three elements of literature ? data ? Media: The material on which data and instructions are recorded, ., magic disk, paper tape, floppy disk,