【正文】 由于物流質(zhì)量管理存在 “ 三全 ” 特點(diǎn)，因此，全面質(zhì)量管理的一些原則和方法，同樣適用于物流質(zhì)量管理。 簡(jiǎn)述采購的功能。 （ 1）采購制約著企業(yè)銷售工作的質(zhì)量； （ 2）采購制約著企業(yè)研發(fā)工作的質(zhì)量； （ 3）采購決定著企業(yè)商品周轉(zhuǎn)的速度； （ 4）采購關(guān)系到企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的實(shí)現(xiàn)程度； （ 5）做好采購可以合理利用物質(zhì)資源； （ 6）做好采購，可以溝通經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系； （ 7）做好采購，可以洞察市場(chǎng)的變化趨勢(shì)； 簡(jiǎn)述電子商務(wù)和物流之間的相互的影響 1）電子商務(wù)對(duì)物流活動(dòng)的影響： （ 1）電子商務(wù)為物流業(yè)創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)虛擬運(yùn)動(dòng)空間。 （ 2）電子商務(wù)改變了物流的傳統(tǒng)模式。 （ 3）電子商務(wù)拓展了物流服務(wù)的空間。 （ 4）電子商務(wù)增強(qiáng)了物流時(shí)效性的要求。 （ 5）電子商務(wù)實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)物流全過程的實(shí)時(shí)控制。 （ 6）電子商務(wù)促進(jìn)了物流技術(shù)水平的提高。 2）物流對(duì)電子商務(wù)的影響： （ 1）物流是電子商務(wù)的重要組成部分； （ 2）物流現(xiàn)代化是電子商務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)； （ 3）物流是實(shí)施電子商務(wù)的關(guān)鍵； （ 4）物流是電子商務(wù)的支點(diǎn)； 綠色物流的內(nèi)涵是什么？請(qǐng)結(jié)合實(shí)際談?wù)勅绾螌?shí)現(xiàn)綠色物流？ 綠色物流是指通過改變?cè)瓉斫?jīng)濟(jì) 發(fā)展與物流、消費(fèi)生活與物流的單向作用關(guān)系，在抑制物流對(duì)環(huán)境造成危害的同時(shí)，形成一種能促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)和消費(fèi)生活健康發(fā)展的物流系統(tǒng)，從而向循環(huán)型物流轉(zhuǎn)變。其內(nèi)涵包括： （ 1）綠色物流是共生型物流（ 2）綠色物流是資源節(jié)約型物流（ 3）綠色物流是低熵型物流 4）綠色物流是循環(huán)型物流（ 4 分） 對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)的日益關(guān)注，使得傳統(tǒng)物流在促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)和消費(fèi)生活發(fā)展的同時(shí)，要減少物流活動(dòng)對(duì)環(huán)境造成的危害，并節(jié)省資源，這是綠色物流的核心。綠色物流的實(shí)現(xiàn)途徑： 建立工業(yè)和生活廢料處理的物流系統(tǒng)； 控制物流系統(tǒng)污染； 民間組織的倡導(dǎo)； 企業(yè)的自律； 技術(shù)進(jìn)步。 六、論述題 請(qǐng)結(jié)合實(shí)際談?wù)勎覈?guó)物流業(yè)的發(fā)展對(duì)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的作用 。 物流在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)中起到了基礎(chǔ)性支撐作用。在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)中能夠發(fā)揮帶動(dòng)作用和支持整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的作用，能夠成為國(guó)家或地區(qū)財(cái)政收入的主要來源，能造成主要就業(yè)領(lǐng)域，能成為科技進(jìn)步的主要發(fā)源地和現(xiàn)代科技的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。 物流在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的地位隨著物流業(yè)地不斷發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)出越來越重要的作用。其作用主要表現(xiàn)在宏觀和微觀兩個(gè)方面。 物流在宏觀層面上的作用主要表現(xiàn)在： （ 1）對(duì)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)、穩(wěn)定、健康發(fā)展的保障作用； （ 2）對(duì)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)各行業(yè)資源配置的促進(jìn)作用； （ 3）對(duì)推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)方式轉(zhuǎn)變的作用。 （ 4）對(duì)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的促進(jìn)作用。 （ 5）對(duì)物流業(yè)相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展的推動(dòng)作用。 物流在微觀層面上的作用主要表現(xiàn)在： （ 1）降低企業(yè)物流成本； （ 2）實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略； （ 3）滿足消費(fèi)者多樣化需求和增加消費(fèi)者剩余。 （ 4）聯(lián)系我國(guó)實(shí)際。 2 你怎樣理解物流活動(dòng)行為受法律規(guī)范？ 物流活動(dòng)中所涉及的法律面非常廣泛，有關(guān)的法律、法規(guī)、公約在內(nèi)容上也具有復(fù)雜性和多樣性的特點(diǎn)。此外，物流按活動(dòng)的范圍又可分為全球（國(guó)際）物流和國(guó)內(nèi) 物流，這兩種物流形態(tài)適用于不同的法律體系。而且隨著全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的進(jìn)程，這兩種物流在很多情況下又互有交叉和重疊。 1．物資的流動(dòng)受到法律的制約 物資本身的流通，要受到國(guó)家法律法規(guī)的約束，有的物資可以自由流通，有的物資法律限制其流通，還有的物資被法律禁止流通；有的物資可以在國(guó)內(nèi)流通卻不能在國(guó)外流通，有的物資的流通要根據(jù)政府間的協(xié)議滿足一定的條件才能流通，等等。 2．運(yùn)輸工具的運(yùn)行要遵守相應(yīng)的規(guī)則 運(yùn)輸作為物流的重要環(huán)節(jié)，受到法律法規(guī)的制約。運(yùn)輸工具在水上、陸上、空中各種通道中運(yùn)行要遵 守一定的規(guī)則。 范 4．貨物、運(yùn)輸工具進(jìn)出國(guó)境受到口岸法規(guī)的制約 國(guó)際物流必須要經(jīng)過口岸進(jìn)出國(guó)境，任何對(duì)貨物或運(yùn)輸工具的監(jiān)管，都會(huì)影響物流的實(shí)現(xiàn)并影響物流的速度和效率。 5．物流活動(dòng)的其他環(huán)節(jié)同樣受到法規(guī)的制約 物流活動(dòng)的其他環(huán)節(jié)，指儲(chǔ)存、裝卸、搬運(yùn)、包裝、流通加工、配送、信息處理等，由于這些活動(dòng)主要在國(guó)內(nèi)進(jìn)行，因此更多地受到國(guó)內(nèi)法規(guī)的制約。但這也不是絕對(duì)的，比如包裝活動(dòng)的要求就需要根據(jù)貿(mào)易和運(yùn)輸?shù)木唧w情況適用于不同的規(guī)定。此外信息處理中既要適 用國(guó)內(nèi)的法規(guī)又要符合國(guó)際通用的準(zhǔn)則。 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?！2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the ‘effector’ cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and nonnerve cells. This process is termed ‘chemical neurotransmission’ and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as ‘cholinergic’. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the socalled motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a mand is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds。 an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for reuptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nervetonerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on nonvoluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells。 in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nervetonerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In postsynaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the plex of receptor bined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as ‘nicotinic’。 in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are ‘muscarinic’。 and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action